Studies in Science of Science | ISSN: 1003-2053
Studies in Science of Science is a premier international journal dedicated to advancing scientific research and innovation. Our publication features cutting-edge studies in science, technology policy, and technology management, offering valuable theoretical insights, research papers, survey reports, and case studies. With a focus on promoting innovation, fostering academic exchanges, and driving technology development, our journal serves as a platform for sharing knowledge and advancing scientific discourse. In addition to our main sections covering scientific theory, technology development strategy, and policy, we also feature columns on technology management, book reviews, academic trends, and more. Join us in exploring the forefront of scientific inquiry and shaping the future of technology.
EXPLORING ACTIVATION ENERGY EFFECT ON NON-DARCY HYDROMAGNETIC CONVECTIVE HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER FLOW OF THERMALLY RADIATING ETHYLENE GLYCOL BASED TIO2 AND AG NANOFLUIDS IN CYLINDRICAL ANNULUS WITH THERMO-DIFFUSION
An examination was carried out by analyzing the movement of water-titanium dioxide and silver nanofluids in a coordinate annulated zone while being subjected to the impact of heat sources for non-uniform. The non-linear equations have been explained by employing quadratic polynomials and the Galerkine finite detail technique. Both of these methods have been successfully utilized. When analyzing different parametric values, it has been shown that greater temperatures and concentrations are created with lower velocities, whereas larger velocities are produced with higher radiative heat flux (Rd)/ nanoparticle volume fraction (f). This phenomenon has been seen for a significant number of parameters.
Non-Uniform heat sources, TiO2 and Ag-nanofluids, thermal Radiation, Soret effect, Circular annulus
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THE AMHARIC VERSION OF THE WARWICK-EDINBURGH MENTAL WELL-BEING SCALE: THE PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTIES AND FACTOR STRUCTURE
Purpose: This study aims to assess the psychometric evidence and factor structure of the Amharic version of the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS) for use in Ethiopia, addressing the theoretical, cultural, and empirical limitations encountered by the English version. Method: This study utilized a cross-sectional design and collected data from 474 individuals selected from the general population through stratified sampling. The participants included bankers, merchants, laborers, and employees from government institutions. The data were analyzed via SPSS 27 and AMOS 23. Internal consistency reliability and temporal reliability were assessed via Cronbach’s alpha and the test‒retest method, respectively. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was performed to identify the factor structure of the scale. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed to test whether the observed items accurately loaded onto mental well-being (MW), providing model fitness to ensure theoretical expectations and empirical evidence. Additionally, CFA also provides average variance extracted (AVE) to evaluate discriminant and convergent validity. Results: The scale exhibited internal consistency (r=0.87) and temporal reliability (r=0.89). The EFA revealed a three-factor structure for the WEMWBS-Amharic, comprising 1: Spiritual, 2: Eudaimonic, and 3: Hedonic factors, which accounted for 52.365% of the total variance. The scale retained 21 out of 24 items. CFA validated the structural integrity of the factors within the WEMWBS-Amharic, with indices showing CMIN/DF = 2.088; RMSEA = 0.048; and GFI, AGFI, NFI, RFI, IFI, TLI, and CFI all exceeding 0.90. Both convergent validity (AVE = 0.51 to 0.55) and discriminant validity (√AVE > correlation matrix) were established. The participants demonstrated moderately low levels of social desirability compared with those observed in the original WEMWBS. Conclusion: The WEMWBS-Amharic has shown an acceptable level of validity and reliability for application in Ethiopia. Future research should include individuals from refugee populations and special groups, such as those with hearing and visual impairments, patients, students, and communities affected by conflict. Keywords: Mental well-being, validity, reliability, spiritual well-being
FINANCIAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES THAT ENHANCE QUALITY EDUCATION IN HIGHER EDUCATION: INSIGHTS FROM SOUTHERN ETHIOP
Financial management is a vital tool in the operations of public universities, enabling them to navigate the rapidly changing external environment that impacts the quality of education. However, universities face various technical challenges in the financial system, which hinder overall institutional sustainability, particularly in academics, student support, and research and community service. Consequently, this study examined the linkage between financial management practices and the quality of education in higher education in Southern Ethiopia. The study employed an explanatory research design and collected data from 117 university staff. The study used both descriptive and inferential statistics (correlation and multiple linear regression) to analyze the data. Results revealed that the financial management practices were moderately effective in achieving education quality. Results showed that the internal control systems, budgeting, and financial reporting provide a reliable measure of quality education. Key issues were linked to inadequate financial resources, the bureaucratic nature of operations, and inadequate attention to students’ diverse needs. Key areas of importance include identifying financial risks and corruption in the allocation of financial resources, which undermine the provision of quality education.
Budgeting, Financial Management, Internal Control, Financial Statements, Quality Education
SUSTAINABLE GREEN PRODUCTION MODEL FOR CARBON EMISSION AND RECYCLING PRODUCTIVITY IN CIRCULAR ECONOMIC OPTIMIZATION
This study develops a mathematical model for sustainable production inventory management, focusing on carbon impact and recycling in a two-stage production setting. The novel model is based on three perspectives: (a) a sustainable economic production model under carbon emissions from manufacturing and inventory storage, (b) a sustainable economic production model that incorporates the process of recycling and disposal, and (c) circular economic optimization that promotes carbon emissions and recycling. The main objective of this research is to optimize the total cost function and address environmental concerns related to green products. The optimal total cost function, production setup costs, holding costs, screening costs, rework costs, carbon emission costs, and recycling costs are calculated. Managerial insights highlight the importance of effectively managing reusable items and ensuring proper disposal to support environmental sustainability and maintain a circular economy. A numerical example is used to verify the realism of the proposed model in the prediction of cost-effectiveness and visualization via MATLAB software. The sensitivity analysis indicated the importance of reducing production-based carbon emissions and improving recycling levels to minimize the total cost function in the path to enhancing the sustainable environment.
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEMATICS (STEM) STUDENT ENGAGEMENT IN AFRICA: SCOPING REVIEW
This scoping review aimed to systematically delinate the existing literature in the area of STEM student engagement by explaining the major conceptual frameworks, prominent factors, and effective interventions within the African milieu. A detailed search was made across multiple databases, leading to the identification of 264 articles, which were thoroughly assessed in line with predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Following a comprehensive⁠ multi-phase selection protocol suggested by Arksey and O’Malley (2005)⁠, 20 articles were considered relevant and included in the final synthesis⁠. The data were systematically organized into four major themes: general overview of the studies, conceptualization and measurement of STEM within the African context, significant challenges impeding STEM student engagement, and critical knowledge gaps within this field. This review identifies the literature’s academic strengths and weaknesses while highlighting the complex nature of STEM student engagement and offering a well-organized summary of⁠ the concept of the field. The results has important implications for educators, researchers⁠, and legislators who want to create STEM learning settings that are more inclusive and successful.
STEM, Student engagement, Africa and Education
CHILD MALNUTRITION AND SPATIAL ANALYTICS: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND RESOURCES
Background Child malnutrition remains a critical public health challenge, particularly in low and middle-income countries (LMICs), where it contributes to high rates of morbidity, mortality, and long-term developmental impairments. Traditional national-level statistics often obscure significant geographic disparities within countries. Spatial analytics has emerged as a transformative approach to uncovering these hidden patterns and informing more targeted and effective nutrition interventions. Methods This review synthesizes academic literature, including peer-reviewed articles, theses, and books, that apply spatial analysis techniques such as Geographic Information Systems (GIS), spatial regression, and cluster detection to the study of child malnutrition. It also reviews open-access data sources, including Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), UNICEF's Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS), and global nutrition databases, which enable the spatial mapping and analysis of malnutrition patterns. Results Studies from various countries, including India, Ethiopia, Bangladesh, Uganda, Peru, and the Philippines, demonstrate the effectiveness of spatial analytics in identifying malnutrition hotspots, understanding spatial clustering, and revealing regional variations in the impact of risk factors such as poverty, maternal education, sanitation, and environmental conditions. These insights support the development of geographically nuanced public health strategies and interventions. Conclusion The review emphasizes the need to maximize the impact of spatial analytics in addressing child malnutrition by strategically investing in data systems, strengthening capacity, and integrating spatial tools into health and nutrition programs. A multidisciplinary approach that bridges nutrition science, geography, data science, and public health is crucial for translating spatial insights into targeted, evidence-based interventions, especially in diverse and resource-constrained contexts.
Child Malnutrition, Spatial Analysis, Literature Review, Resources
ENERGY SECURITY INDEX FOR G20 MEMBERS BASED ON THREE DIMENSIONS: HEALTH, ENVIRONMENT, AND DIVERSITY
G20 members are the strongest economies of the world and thus represent global important features and trends of the energy security. Since energy security is an important concept in global settings of energy systems, numerical measures are needed in order to represent the circumstances with meaningful numbers. Therefore, this study aims to conceptually and methodologically construct an energy security (ES indexH,E,D) index based on three dimensions: Health, Environment, and Diversity, with an application on the G20 members. The results clearly show how this index is constructed and show its application on the G20 members. The conclusions provide policymakers with an opportunity to adopt this index in their analysis of energy security, as it gives insights about energy systems and how to achieve higher energy security. For example, adopting clean renewable energy technologies to reduce the death rate attributed to cancer and to reduce GHG emissions are among the recommendations.
Index; dimensions; sustainability; energy security; health; environment; diversity
CYTOTOXICITY OF NANOPARTICLES ON LIVING CELLS
Nanotechnology, a cutting-edge field, leverages nanoparticles (NPs) with dimensions less than 100 nanometers to revolutionize various industries. These particles exhibit unique physical, chemical, and biological properties, making them integral to advancements in agriculture, engineering, healthcare, and research. However, their widespread use raises critical concerns about potential cytotoxic effects on human health and the environment. Nanoparticles are broadly classified into organic, inorganic, and carbon-based types, synthesized using techniques such as sol-gel methods, spinning disc reactors, and biological processes. Advanced characterization tools like scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) are essential for understanding their size, shape, and surface properties, which influence their reactivity and applications. Despite their versatility, nanoparticles often pose toxicity risks due to mechanisms like reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, mitochondrial damage, and DNA disruption. Metalbased nanoparticles, such as zinc oxide (ZnO) and titanium dioxide (TiO₂), have been shown to induce oxidative stress and inflammation, while carbon-based nanoparticles can interfere with cellular processes. These effects are highly dependent on particle size, shape, and surface charge, which modulate interactions with biological systems. The cytotoxicity of nanoparticles underscores the importance of rigorous safety evaluations and long-term studies to mitigate their risks. By addressing these challenges, researchers can optimize the use of nanoparticles in innovative applications, ensuring their benefits outweigh potential harms. The continued exploration of safer synthesis techniques and thorough toxicity assessments is crucial for balancing the promise of nanotechnology with its implications for health and the environment.
A PANDEMIA PELA COVID- 19 E A VIOLÊNCIA SEXUAL CONTRA AS MULHERES: ANÁLISE ESPACIAL E TEMPORAL DOS ESTUPROS EM PERNAMBUCO, BRASIL
A violência sexual e o estupro são ataques ao corpo e à dignidade de uma mulher; tais agressões têm consequências psicológicas, sociais e econômicas para o resto de sua vida. A pandemia pela COVID-19 expôs e exacerbou as desigualdades dentro dos países, com a maior vulnerabilidade das mulheres a violência doméstica, sexual e feminicídios. Este estudo objetivou analisar a tendência temporal das taxas de estupro contra as mulheres em Pernambuco, no período pré-pandêmico e pandêmico. Foram registrados 8.948 estupros contra as mulheres no período, com 5.076 (56,7%) ocorridos no pré-pandêmico. No período pandêmico observou-se redução nas taxas de estupro contra as mulheres na população adulta e na Região Metropolitana. As reduções na taxa de estupro contra as mulheres encontradas, podem refletir a subnotificação na pandemia, além do estigma, medo, vergonha e culpabilização das vítimas.
violência contra as mulheres; estupro; Covid-19; análise espacial; análise de séries temporais interrompida
COMPARATIVE EFFICACY OF ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUGS AMONG ADULTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL
Background: Hypertension (HTN) is a leading contributor to chronic kidney disease (CKD) globally and a significant modifiable risk factor for both cardiovascular and renal complications. Effective blood pressure (BP) control is essential in managing CKD, yet the comparative efficacy of different antihypertensive agents remains an area of active research. Objective: To evaluate and compare the antihypertensive efficacy of telmisartan and amlodipine in adult patients with CKD attending a tertiary care hospital. Methods: A prospective, randomized, comparative study was conducted over a six-month period involving 88 hypertensive patients with CKD. Participants were randomized into two groups: Group A received telmisartan 40 mg once daily, while Group B received amlodipine 10 mg once daily. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were recorded at baseline and after six months. The primary endpoint was the mean change in SBP and DBP. Data were analysed using Student’s t-test, with a p-value of <0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: Both treatment groups exhibited significant reductions in BP from baseline. However, telmisartan was associated with a more pronounced reduction in SBP (−30.9 ± 7.4 mmHg vs −2.0 ± 8.5 mmHg, p = 0.0424) and DBP (−21.9 ± 4.1 mmHg vs −2.2 ± 6.3 mmHg, p = 0.0148) compared to amlodipine. No serious adverse events were reported during the study. Conclusion: Telmisartan demonstrated superior antihypertensive efficacy compared to amlodipine in patients with CKD, highlighting the potential preference for angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) as first-line agents in this population. Further large-scale, long-term studies are recommended to validate these findings.
Hypertension; Chronic Kidney Disease; Telmisartan; Amlodipine; Blood Pressure Control; Antihypertensive Efficacy.
ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS FROM MICHELIA CHAMPACA LINN. WITH POTENTIAL ANTI-ARTHRITIC ACTIVITY
The flowers of Michelia champaca .L have been reported to possess certain benzo quinoline alkaloids. Thus, this study was aimed at the anti-arthritic potential and phytochemical screening of two important compounds CMPK-1, tetrahydro benzodioxolo benzo quinolin and CMPK-2, tetrahydro benzodioxolo benzo quinolin-16-ol (alkaloids) of flowers of Michelia champaca from with nHexane fractions of petroleum ether extract. Isolated alkaloids was identified and characterized by chemical tests, M.P., TLC, paper chromatography and spectroscopic methods like UV, Visible, FT-IR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR and Mass spectroscopy. The anti-arthritic activity of the isolated alkaloids were also investigated against standard Diclofenac sodium by Carrageenan induced arthritic in rats. The results demonstrated shows significant anti-arthritic activity of isolated compounds at a dose of 500 mg/kg body weight might prove efficacious for further design and development of agents with significant biological activity. Hence, isolation was done with petroleum extract. Isolated alkaloids CMPK-1 and CMPK-2 may be one of the components responsible for the observed anti-microbial activity of the flowers.
Michelia champaca L, Benzo quinoline alkaloids, Carrageenan, Arthritis
SPECTRAL DECOMPOSITION OF FRACTIONAL SWIFT–HOHENBERG EQUATIONS USING THE FRACTIONAL FOURIER TRANSFORM
This paper introduces a spectral decomposition framework for addressing time–fractional Swift–Hohenberg (S–H) equations through the use of the Fractional Fourier Transform (FrFT). In contrast to classical transforms such as Laplace or Elzaki, the FrFT offers a more versatile spectral mechanism that bridges time and frequency domains, enabling an effective diagonalization of differential operators. Building on this idea, we propose the Fractional Fourier Transform Decomposition Method (FrFT–DM), which integrates the spectral features of FrFT with decomposition strategies to derive convergent series solutions for both linear and nonlinear fractional Swift–Hohenberg models. The theoretical foundation of the method is supported by rigorous results on existence, uniqueness, and convergence, along with a precise truncation error estimate. To ensure stability and boundedness, several new lemmas and corollaries are established, providing spectral justification for the approach. The effectiveness of the method is illustrated through six representative examples, encompassing both linear and nonlinear cases of the Swift–Hohenberg equation. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the approach accurately captures the solution behavior across various fractional orders and reduces to the classical integer–order solutions as .
Fractional Fourier transform; Swift–Hohenberg equations; fractional partial differential equations; spectral decomposition; Caputo derivative; convergence analysis
INVERSE SOURCE PROBLEMS FOR GENERALIZED FRACTIONAL BOUNDARY VALUE MODELS WITH AB–CAPUTO LAPLACIAN OPERATORS
This paper investigates two classes of inverse source problems associated with multi-parameter space–time fractional boundary value models involving the Atangana–Baleanu–Caputo (ABC) Laplacian operator. The first model concerns the recovery of a space-dependent source term from over-specified final data, while the second model addresses the reconstruction of a time-dependent source factor from additional integral conditions. A sequence of lemmas establishes the analytical properties of the generalized fractional kernels and their Laplace representations. Building on these results, existence, uniqueness, and ill-posedness theorems are derived for both inverse models under appropriate regularity assumptions. Several illustrative examples demonstrate how the theoretical framework can be applied to recover unknown sources in boundary value problems with fractional dynamics. The results highlight the flexibility of ABC-based operators in capturing memory effects and offer a foundation for future numerical schemes and practical applications in anomalous diffusion, viscoelasticity, and related fields.
Inverse source problem; Fractional boundary value problem; Atangana–Baleanu–Caputo derivative; Fractional Laplacian operator; Existence and uniqueness; Ill-posedness analysis
INFLUENCE OF PRINCIPALS' LEADERSHIP BEHAVIOR ON SCHOOL PERFORMANCE: A CASE STUDY IN THE SECONDARY SCHOOLS OF THE SOUTH REGION, ETHIOPIA
This study was designed to investigate the influence of principals' leadership behavior on school performance in Secondary Schools of the Southern Region in Ethiopia. The problem addressed in the research was the effects of principals' leadership behavior on the school performance. The main research question that guided this study was: How does the principals' leadership behavior influence the performance of government secondary schools in the Southern region of Ethiopia? A qualitative method, using a case study design was employed with analyzing documents, observation and interviews as a means of data collection. Through face-to-face and semi- structured, open-ended in-depth interviews with 30 participants, the researcher revealed personal views of principals' leadership behavior on school performance. Principals used the autocratic as well as the democratic and laissez-faire styles depending on school performance. With increasing educational qualifications the employees exhibit more of the democratic leadership tendencies and those who are educated less are inclined towards the autocratic leadership style. The lack of a compelling vision and mission for government schools continues to be a major obstacle in any effort to improve schools. It was developed as a strategy that the principals were well equipped with knowledge and skills in management and leadership to transform the Secondary Schools of the Southern Region of Ethiopia.
Principal; Leadership behavior; School performance; Secondary schools, Southern Ethiopia
SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF DAUNORUBICIN AND CYTARABINE USING A STABILITY-INDICATING UPLC TECHNIQUE
The main objective of the study was to develop RP-UPLC method for the simultaneous determination and validation of the Daunorubicin and Cytarabine in the pharmaceutical dosage form. The technique was developed by using the Mobile phase containing Buffer 0.01N KH2PO4: Acetonitrile used in the ratio 50:50 v/v and Std Denali C18 150 x 4.6 mm, 5m as a stationary phase at a flow rate of 0.3 ml/min. The buffer used in this method was 0.01N KH2PO4 (3.5 pH) buffer pH was accustomed by means of the solution of 0.1% OPA. The temperature was maintained throughout the method at 30°C and the optimized wavelength chosen was 240.0 nm. The technique was developed and thoroughly validated based on ICH (International Conference on Harmonization) guidelines. The validation process was done by precision, linearity, robustness studies, accuracy, Limit of Detection, Limit of quantification and degradation studies. The robustness studies were observed by making variations in the mobile phase, temperature, and flow rate. The accuracy was observed at more than 96 % recovery. Stability of drug samples was showed more than 98 % recovery over different environmental and laboratory circumstances. The LOD and the LOQ values were within the limits. The developed RP-UPLC method achieved good precision and accuracy. The developed and validated method was suitable for analysis of Daunorubicin and Cytarabine
Daunorubicin, Cytarabine, RP-UPLC, Stability studies, Validation
BUILDING A SUSTAINABLE AND ENERGY-EFFICIENT GREEN HYBRID CLOUD USING DIGITAL TWIN
The exponential growth of cloud computing has reshaped global information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructures. However, the energy demands of cloud services and associated carbon emissions pose significant challenges to sustainability. Hybrid cloud models, which integrate private and public resources, provide flexibility but introduce orchestration, reliability, and efficiency complexities. This paper proposes a comprehensive framework for designing and deploying a Sustainable and Energy-Efficient Green Hybrid Cloud using Digital Twin (DT). The methodology integrates carbon-conscious provider selection, Green Resource Broker Management Systems (GRBMS), fault tolerance modeling, load balancing, and scheduling via SYL’s Algorithm. Additionally, it presents energy measures like the Clean Energy Index (CEI) and Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE), which are assessed using DTMC (Discrete-Time Markovian Chain) modeling and the GreenCloud Simulator. Experimental simulations on Indian cloud infrastructure patterns show that software optimization can reduce emissions by 41.63%, with hardware optimization yielding an additional 58.37%. Comparative results across ordinary cloud, green cloud, hybrid cloud, and green hybrid cloud deployments highlight the superior efficiency of Digital Twin–enabled orchestration. The findings suggest that integrating DT models with hybrid cloud architectures can significantly enhance sustainability while maintaining service reliability and performance.
Hybrid Cloud, Digital Twin, Cloud Sustainability, PUE, Carbon Emission Reduction, Green Resource Broker Management, SYL’s Algorithm
THE USE OF BACKWARD DESIGN IN TECHNICAL ENGLISH COURSES FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS
Pedagogical practices in Spain maintain a traditional format in which the teacher is revealed as the neural axis of the teaching-learning process. This limits the students to a passive role in which they merely reproduce the knowledge transferred without contributing new knowledge through critical, reflective and transformative postures. The national reality demands a modern preparation framed in computational knowledge that can satisfy the current needs that demand a good computer management, without forgetting that the use of new Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) must be a cornerstone. Added to this reality is the fact that teachers are not totally updated in the use of ICTs, in many cases due to a lack of interest in self-training and in other cases due to the neglect of the relevant bodies. The general objective of this research is to propose the application of the backward design method in an English course in a technical engineering degree in a Spanish university to develop the understanding and transfer of what has been learned in the English subject.
backward design method, classroom development, English course, Technical English, Engineering Degree
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON WASTE MATERIALS (RECYCLED BRICK AND CONCRETE DUSTS) TO BE USED AS SAND SUBSTITUTES
Concrete is among the most utilized construction materials. Fine aggregate is one of the most crucial elements of concrete. Sylhet sand is frequently utilized as a fine aggregate in the manufacturing of concrete in Bangladesh. Due to a lack of access to the river sand throughout the year, an alternate substance for usage as sand in construction work is required. Recycled brick and concrete dust are two examples of alternatives that can be utilized in construction to partially replace sand. Concrete's compressive strength is determined by its coarse and fine aggregate characteristics. This study aims to examine potential applications for the use of recycled brick and concrete dust as fine aggregates in concrete mixes. In this study, cylindrical concrete specimens have been prepared using Sylhet sand with the replacement of various percentages of recyclable brick and concrete dust as fine aggregates. The concrete mix ratio was 1:1.5:3, and the w/c ratio was kept at 0.5. These specimens were investigated after curing to determine their compressive strength. The concrete's compressive strength was confirmed to be decreasing as a result of the tests when Sylhet sand was replaced with 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% recycled brick and concrete dust.
Waste, fine aggregate, sylhet sand, recycling, brick dust, recycle concrete dust
RISK ASSESSMENT AND HAZARD MANAGEMENT IN WATER TREATMENT: A CASE STUDY OF BHANDUP COMPLEX WATER TREATMENT PLANT, MUMBAI
Water treatment facilities in India plays a vital role to public health and safety by providing safe drinking water. But these treatment facilities can be a single point of failure in the event of possible shutting down due to any reason. This research focuses on the assessment of risks conducted through Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment (HIRA) in order to assess the characteristics of potential hazards. Such hazards can be related to chemical, physical, and biological processes taking place within a water treatment plant. The present case study focuses on Bhandup Complex Water Treatment Plant, which is located in Mumbai, and has a treatment capacity of 2810 million liters per day. The study employs field observations, semi-structured interviews, analysis of historical data, and laboratory testing to establish risks at various treatment stages, namely pre-chlorination, filtration, and post-chlorination. A systematic likelihood classification that is coupled with a risk matrix enables an objective, structured assessment of possible hazards, focusing on those hazards that have both high probabilities and significant repercussions. This detailed approach emphsises on the importance of effective risk management strategies which are critical to public health protection and ensuring efficiency in operations.
Water treatment facilities, public health, Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment (HIRA), risk assessment, Bhandup Complex Water Treatment Plant, chemical hazards, physical hazards, biological hazards etc
IDENTIFICATION OF FRAUD PATTERNS AND INDICATORS IN VILLAGE FUND MANAGEMENT IN INDONESIA
This study aims to uncover patterns of fraud in village funds, in addition to identifying influencing factors, involved parties, and necessary preventive measures. Detecting patterns of fraud in village fund management is crucial for identifying practices that harm and undermine the integrity of fund utilization. This subsection reviews the efforts to detect fraud patterns in village fund management in Indonesia. The method used is a systematic literature review, and by examining 40 related journals, several patterns of village fund fraud in Indonesia have been identified, such as project price mark-ups, embezzlement of funds, fictitious projects, bogus work, financing projects from other sources, and village fund robbery. Prevention and mitigation efforts should be integrated, involving collaboration between the government, village communities, and relevant stakeholders. The government should enhance supervision over village fund utilization through internal and external audits. Village communities should also participate actively in supervising fund usage through participation in village forums.
Village Fund, Fraud, Village Financial Management
TREE SPECIES DIVERSITY, COMMUNITY COMPOSITION, AND FOREST STRUCTURE ACROSS THE ECOLOGICAL TRANSITION ZONE LINKING THE EASTERN AND WESTERN GHATS, SOUTH INDIA
Transitional forest zones that link major biogeographic regions often harbor high ecological complexity and species turnover, yet remain poorly studied. This research assesses tree species diversity, community composition, and forest structure along a 68 km east-to-west ecological gradient spanning four protected areas in Karnataka, South India—Bannerghatta National Park, Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary, MM Hills Wildlife Sanctuary, and Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple (BRT) Tiger Reserve. A total of 42 plots (20 m × 20 m) were established at 5 km intervals to record all trees with girth at breast height (GBH) >15 cm. Across the transect, 123 tree species representing 42 families were documented. Species richness and diversity indices (Shannon-Wiener H′ and Simpson’s Index) increased progressively from east to west, reflecting a transition from dry deciduous forests in Bannerghatta (25 species, H′ = 2.1) to semi-evergreen and moist deciduous forests in BRT (61 species, H′ = 3.8). Basal area and stem density showed similar trends, increasing from 12.5 m²/ha and 350 trees/ha in the drier forests to 28.7 m²/ha and 550 trees/ha in the wetter forests, suggesting older, more mature stands in the western Ghats. Dominant species varied regionally: Anogeissus latifolia and Albizia amara in dry zones; Tectona grandis in mid-zones; and Syzygium cumini, Terminalia paniculata, and Machilus macrantha in wetter zones. Importance Value Index (IVI) and family-level richness analyses highlighted Fabaceae, Combretaceae, and Rubiaceae as ecologically prominent. Statistical analyses, including ANOVA, correlation matrices, and species accumulation curves, confirmed that elevation, moisture, and forest type significantly influenced diversity and structure. These findings underscore the conservation significance of ecotonal corridors in promoting biodiversity, enhancing ecological connectivity, and supporting forest resilience across climate and disturbance gradients.
DİNLENME POTANSİYELİ VE AKSİYON POTANSİYELİ’NE GİRİŞ
Bu makale, "Dinlenme Potansiyeli ve Aksiyon Potansiyeline Giriş" konusunu açıklamaktadır. İnsan vücudu yaklaşık 60 trilyon (60 × 10¹²) hücreden oluşur. Bunların çoğu boyut ve şekil açısından birbirine oldukça benzerken, sinir ve kas hücreleri gibi belirgin şekilde farklı olanlar da vardır; bu hücreler oldukça uzun, ince ve makroskobik olarak görünürdür. Her hücre, tam genomik bilgiye sahip olmasına rağmen, organlar, sinirler, kaslar, beyin ve deri gibi çeşitli görevleri yerine getirir. Bu çalışmada, dinlenme potansiyeli ve aksiyon potansiyelini açıklamak için yeterli olan oldukça sadeleştirilmiş bir hücre modeli ele alınmaktadır. Aksiyon potansiyeli, reseptörler, sinir hücreleri ve kas dokularının işlevlerini yerine getirebilmesini sağlayan temel elektro-kimyasal bir süreçtir. Ancak bu potansiyelin ortaya çıkabilmesi için, öncelikle hücrelerin dinlenme potansiyeli durumunda bulunması gerekir; bu durum çalışmanın başlangıç noktası olarak incelenmektedir. Hücre zarının elektriksel potansiyelindeki değişiklikler, sinirsel ve kas faaliyetlerinin temelini oluşturan son derece düzenli ve enerjiye bağlı süreçlerdir. Dinlenme potansiyeli, hücrenin iç ve dış ortamları arasındaki iyonik dengenin korunmasıyla sürdürülen, canlılığın temel gerekliliklerinden biridir. Aksiyon potansiyeli ise, bu dengeyi kısa süreliğine bozan ancak sinyallerin iletiminde kritik rol oynayan hızlı ve geçici bir olaydır. Na⁺ ve K⁺ iyonlarının voltaj kapılı kanallar aracılığıyla membran boyunca yönlendirilmesiyle gerçekleşen bu elektriksel olaylar, yalnızca birkaç milisaniye sürmesine rağmen, organizmanın bilgi işleme kapasitesi açısından yaşamsal önem taşır. Bu süreçte, hücre zarı bir kapasitör gibi davranır; zar potansiyelinin değişimiyle birlikte elektriksel yükler birikir ya da boşalır. Hesaplamalar, dinlenme potansiyeli ve aksiyon potansiyelinin oluşması için yalnızca iyonların çok küçük bir kısmının zar boyunca geçmesinin yeterli olduğunu göstermektedir. [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12], [13], [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20], [21], [22], [23], [24], [25], [26], [27], [28], [29], [30], [31], [32], [33], [34], [35], [36], [37], [38], [39], [40], [41], [42], [43], [44], [45], [46], [47], [48], [49], [50], [51], [52], [53], [54], [55], [56], [57], [58], [59], [60], [61], [62], [63], [64], [65], [66], [67], [68], [69], [70], [71], [72], [73], [74], [75], [76], [77], [78], [79], [80], [81], [82], [83], [84], [85], [86], [87], [88]
İleri Biyomekanik, Biyomekanik, Karşılaştırmalı Biyomekanik, Anatomi, Fizyoloji, Termodinamik, Enerji Transferi, Akışkanlar Mekaniği, Isı Transferi, Matematik, Tıbbi Teknik, Tıbbi Mühendislik, Dinlenme Potansiyeli, Aksiyon Potansiyeli, Kanal İletkenliği, ATP Pompası, Tıp, Biyomekanik Analiz, Biyomühendislik, Sağlık Bilimleri
DOĞAL GAZ YAKITLI KOJENERASYON TERMODİNAMİK ÇEVRİMLİ ENERJİ SANTRALİ SİSTEMİ
Özet Bu makalede doğal gaz yakıtlı kojenerasyon termodinamik çevrimli bir enerji santralinin sistemi anlatılmaktadır. KOJENERASYON TERMODİNAMİK ÇEVRİMLİ ENERJİ ÜRETİM SANTRALLERİ; TEK (TEDAŞ) dışındaki kuruluşların elektrik üretimi, iletimi ve dağıtımı yapmasına olanak tanıyan, 1984 tarih ve 3096 sayılı kanuna dayanılarak; bağlı şirketlerinin ihtiyacı için elektrik enerjisi üretmek amacıyla kurulmakta olan bir OTOPRODÜKTÖR GRUBU şirketidir. Kojenerasyon Çevrimli Enerji Santrali Şirketinin Kurulmasındaki Amaçlar: Yaşanabilcek enerji darboğazı ve gündeme gelmesi muhtemel planlı enerji kesintilerinde, grup şirketlerinin, üretim tesislerinin, fabrikaların enerjisiz kalmaması ve üretim kayıplarına uğramaması için; enerji sürekliliğini sağlayacak, yerel enerji üretim tesisleri kurmak, zira, EN PAHALI ENERJİ OLMAYAN ENERJİDİR! Bölgede kullanıma sunulmuş doğal gazı kullanarak maliyet avantajı sağlamak ve böylece bağlı kuruluşlarına sürekli enerjinin yanında ucuz enerji sağlamak, Son olarak, ısı enerjisi üretebilme avantajını kullanarak kâr sağlamak… Şirket, kuracağı KOJENERASYON TERMODİNAMİK ÇEVRİMLİ ENERJİ SANTRALİ İLE 4628 Sayılı Elektrik Piyasası kanunu gereği kurulmuş olan Enerji Piyasası Düzenleme Kurumu, EPDK’dan alacağı Otoprodüktör Grubu Lisansı ile üretim faaliyetine devam edebilecek olup; burada üretilen enerjileri, Ada şirketleri: Firma bünyesindeki üretim tesisleri, fabrikalar ile komşusu olan bölgedeki diğer fabrika ve şirketler ile bunlardan artan enerjiyi ise Dengeleme ve Uzlaştırma Yönetmeliği, DUY kapsamında Piyasa Mali Uzlaştırma Merkezi (PMUM)’a satabilecektir. [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12], [13], [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20], [21], [22], [23], [24], [25], [26], [27], [28], [29], [30], [31]
Kojenerasyon, Atık Isı Kazanı, Modül, Enerji, Enerji Transferi, Termodinamik, Isı Transferi, Akışkanlar Mekaniği, Matematik, Enerji Verimliliği, Rankine Çevrimi, Isı Geri Kazanımı, Ekonomizer, Kızdırıcı, Kondenser, Buharlaştırıcı, Isı Eşanjörü, Su Borulu Kazan, Alev Borulu Kazan
RANKİNE ÇEVRİMİNE GÖRE ÇALIŞAN; BUHAR TÜRBİNİ ÇIKIŞINDAN 10 MWATT GÜÇ ELDE EDİLECEK ŞEKİLDE, YAKIT DOĞAL GAZ OLMAK ÜZERE, BİR ENERJİ SANTRALİ DİZAYNI VE PROJELENDİRİLMESİ
Bu makalede termodinamiksel olarak Rankine çevrimine göre çalışan ve buhar türbini çıkışından 10 MWatt güç elde edilecek şekilde, yakıtı doğal gaz olmak üzere bir enerji santralinin tekni dizaynı ve projelendirilmesi anlatılmakta ve fizibilite etüdü ortaya konmaktadır. Projelendirme Aşamaları: Sistemin genel prensip şemasının (Rankine Çevrimi olarak) tanımlanması. Tesiste kullanılacak ana ekipmanların çevrim üzerinde gösterilmesi. Tesisin sıcaklık – entropi (T-S) diagramı üzerinde noktasal olarak sıcaklık-basınç değişimlerinin gösterimi. Tesiste kullanılacak ekipmanların belirlenmesi. Tesisten istenen gücü sağlayacak Buhar türbininin seçilmesi. Buhar türbininin vereceği güce göre ihtiyaç duyduğu buharın özelliklerinin ve debisinin saptanması. Belirlenen Buhar özelliklerini ve debisini sağlayacak Buhar Kazanının dizaynı. (Isı geri Kazanım olasılıkları ile beraber.) Tesiste kullanılacak pompanın seçimi. Yoğuşma için gerekli Kondenserin belirlenmesi. Kondenserde istenen yoğuşmayı sağlayacak soğutma kulesinin saptanması. Sistemin genel termal veriminin hesaplanması. Sistemin maliyet analizinin yapılarak fizibilite etüdünün ortaya konması. [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12], [13], [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20], [21], [22], [23], [24], [25], [26], [27], [28], [29]
Enerji, Enerji Transferi, Termodinamik, Isı Transferi, Akışkanlar Mekaniği, Matematik, Enerji Verimliliği, Rankine Çevrimi, Isı Geri Kazanımı, Ekonomizer, Kızdırıcı, Kondenser, Buharlaştırıcı, Isı Eşanjörü, Su Borulu Kazan, Alev Borulu Kazan
THERMAL & MECHANICAL DESIGN AND PRODUCTION OF A COOLING MACHINE HEAT EXCHANGER WITH THERMOPLATES FOR GRANULAR SOLIDS USING THE SOLID-LIQUID-GAS ENERGY TRANSFER MECHANISM
In this article, “Thermal & Mechanical Design and Production of a Cooling Machine Heat Exchanger with Thermoplates for Granular Solids Using the Solid-Liquid-Gas Energy Transfer Mechanism” is considered and explained. The mechanical and thermal design of this “Cooling Machine Heat Exchanger with Thermoplates for Granular Solids Using the Solid-Liquid-Gas Energy Transfer Mechanism” is completely original, unique and belongs to the author of this article who is Emin Taner ELMAS. He and all the technical calculations of this project also realized by him develop the technical project drawings at the conclusion section of this article. There are also original photographs of the “Cooling Machine Heat Exchanger with Thermoplates for Granular Solids Using the Solid-Liquid-Gas Energy Transfer Mechanism” which is manufactured after the thermal and mechanical design works. As it is known, granular solid materials are hygroscopic. When moisture transfers from the product to the air in the space between the granules, the humidity of the air will increase. This can cause condensation on the surface of the cold heat exchanger plates. Condensation on the plates will quickly lead to caking in the cooler. [16], [17], [18], [19] The Cooling Machine for Granular Solids Cooler is designed for long term, reliable operation without the need for regular cleaning. To achieve this, the mechanism of condensation and product caking must be prevented. To prevent condensation the dewpoint of the air in the void space of the cooler needs to be lower than the temperature of the plate exchanger. [16], [17], [18], [19] The dewpoint of the air in the heat exchanger changes relative to the temperature of the product. The relationship between dewpoint and temperature is governed by the critical relative humidity (CRH) of the cooling machine. Each cooling machine has a unique CRH characteristic. [16], [17], [18], [19] As the granular solids cools when it passes through the exchanger, the dewpoint lowers. The relationship between product temperature, dewpoint and water temperature is shown on the garphs of article. These graphs demonstrates the importance of counter-current water flow to avoid caking and optimize energy efficiency. Understanding the science behind granular solid cooling enables the heat exchangers to be customized for each type of cooling machine any ambient conditions. [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12], [13], [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20], [21], [22], [23], [24], [25], [26], [27], [28], [29], [30], [31]
Energy, Energy Transfer, Fluid Mechanics, Thermodynamics, Heat Transfer, Mathematics, Cooling, Cooling Machine, Mechanical Engineering, Dew Point, Temperature, Relative Humidity, Thermoplate
TAM AKIŞLI ISI BORULU HAVA KANALLARI İÇİN GELİŞTİRİLMİŞ BİR REKÜPERATÖR SİSTEM TASARIMI
Bu çalışmada, su borulu ya da alev borulu buhar kazanı, kızgın su kazanı, sıcak su kazanı, incinerator, ısı enerjisi üreten herhangi bir ekipman ya da güç üreten bir ünite – makinenin egzoz nitelikli yüksek sıcaklığa sahip atık gazlarının enerjisinin geri kazanımını “ısı borusu tekniği” ile sağlayacak bir “ısı geri kazanım ünitesinin tasarım aşaması, tasarım parametrelerinin tam gelişmiş bir hava akışı için hesaplamalarını içerecek şekilde detaylıca ele alınmıştır. Tasarımın kapsamı belirlenerek, geliştirilecek sistemin prototip nitelikli bir “Isı Borulu Hava Reküperatörü” olmasına karar verilmiştir. Bu durumda, kazan ya da ısı enerjisi üreten bir ekipmanın üretmiş olduğu yüksek sıcaklıktaki egzoz nitelikli atık gazın ısısı, tasarımı yapılacak “ısı borulu hava reküperatörü” yoluyla geri kazanılacak ve karşılığında sıcak hava elde edilecektir. Bu çalışmanın uygulamaya konulması yeni bir teknolojik kazanım olacağı gibi, ayrıca atık ısının geri kazanımı, enerji tasarrufu ve yakıt tasarrufu konusunda hem sistemi uygulayacak firma ve işletmelere hem de ülke ekonomisine son derece önemli faydalar sağlayacaktır.
Isı borusu, ısı borulu hava reküperatörü, enerji taransferi, enerji verimliliği, termodinamik, akışkanlar mekaniği, ısı transferi, matematik, enerji ve yakıt tasarrufu, atık ısı geri kazanımı, egzoz gazları
ASSESSMENT OF EUPHORBIA HIRTA FOR THEIR PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING, ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY AND NUTRIENT COMPOSITION
Herbal drugs are amongst the oldest remedies, and India is known for her Ayurvedic treatments. Medicinal plants like Euphorbia hirta Euphorbiaceae-annual herb distributed all over India have been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of female disorders, respiratory problems, digestive troubles, and infections. Despite its immense potential, E. hirta remains one of the least promoted herbal drugs. The present study investigates the phytoconstituents, proximate composition and antibacterial activity of E. hirta was tested for antimicrobial activity against enteric pathogens and incorporated into recipes. Phytochemical screening of the aqueous extract showed the existence of flavonoids, alkaloids, polyphenols, and terpenoids for its antioxidant activities. Extracts made in ethanol were saponin-free and glycoside-free. The proximate nutrient analysis demonstrated a high calcium content in the leaf (342.03±7.01 mg) and whole plant (455.09±8.01 mg). Tested against both Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris) pathogens using the disc diffusion method. Results on the antibacterial assay with inhibition zone; Ethanol extract of the whole plant was more effective showing the highest inhibition zone (18.9±0.05 mm) against B. subtilis, though ethanol leaf extract showed no activity against E. coli. Recipe trials were conducted by incorporating dried E. hirta powder into foods. On the other hand, Namakpare having 9% leaf powder showed comparable performance with the standard recipe and Parantha with 3% leaf powder obtained the maximum acceptability score. It signifies that the traditional usage of E. hirta for multiple diseases having antimicrobial property and it has a potential to act as a safer and cost-effective alternative to chemical drugs. Production of natural products using E. hirta might improve the accessibility of primary healthcare services, particularly in developing regions.
Euphorbia hirta, ayurvedic treatment, phytochemicals, antibacterial activity, calcium content, recipe incorporation, nutrient analysis
ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF WITHANIA SOMNIFERA IN COMBINATION WITH ANTIBIOTICS, AGAINST HUMAN PATHOGENIC GRAM- NEGATIVE BACTERIA
Phytochemical analysis of Withania somnifera was carried out using standard techniques. The plant was specifically selected due to its reported antibacterial activity against pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria and its traditional medicinal use. Environmental samples including soil, dog food, and sewage water were collected, and bacteria were isolated using Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) culture medium. After incubation for 24–48 hrs, three Gram-negative bacteria, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter, and Klebsiella, were identified through morphological and biochemical characterization, with results validated using published literature. Plant extracts of W. somnifera were prepared and subjected to phytochemical screening, which confirmed the presence of bioactive compounds. Antibacterial Susceptibility Testing (AST) was then performed to compare the antibacterial activity of W. somnifera extracts with Ciprofloxacin, a standard antibiotic. The results revealed that W. somnifera exhibited inhibitory effects against the test isolates, although the degree of inhibition varied across bacterial species and extract concentrations. The comparative analysis demonstrated that while Ciprofloxacin showed strong activity, W. somnifera also possessed notable antibacterial potential, suggesting its possible role as a natural alternative in combating antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative pathogens. These findings support the therapeutic value of W. somnifera and highlight its potential contribution to addressing the growing challenge of antimicrobial resistance.
Withania somnifera, Phytochemical screening, Gram-negative bacteria, Antibacterial activity
ASSESSING CONSUMER PERCEPTION, SENSORY ACCEPTANCE AND NUTRITIONAL COMPOSITION OF RADISH MICROGREENS
Purpose: Microgreens, young-tender green leafy plants, are being valued for their vibrant appearance, rich flavors and nutrient-rich profile, yet remain an underexplored area. Hence, the study was undertaken to analyze consumer perception towards microgreens, as well as to evaluate the sensory characteristics and nutritional composition of three microgreen varieties (white, purple, and pink radish). Methods: A pre-tested online questionnaire was used to assess consumer awareness and perception using 610 respondents aged 20-35 years. To identify the barriers to purchasing microgreens, a ranking method was applied, while consumer perceptions were evaluated using a 5-point Likert scale. The sensory attributes of microgreen varieties were evaluated using a semi-trained panel comprising 20 members. Additionally, the nutritional composition and antioxidant properties were assessed across the three selected varieties. Results: The study surveyed 610 respondents, out of which 65.58% (400 respondents) were familiar with microgreens and hence were included in the study. The majority of participants had a positive perception regarding microgreens, with 84.25% acknowledging potential health benefits. Sensory evaluation of three radish microgreens revealed that all varieties scored well for overall acceptability, indicating positive inclusion potential of microgreens in daily diets. Proximate analysis revealed high moisture, moderate protein and low-fat among the varieties. Calcium, iron, magnesium, copper and zinc were also present. High levels of ascorbic acid, chlorophyll, total phenol and total flavonoids content were found in all the assessed varieties, with purple radish demonstrating the strongest antioxidant activity. Conclusion: Overall, results highlight positive consumer perception, unique sensory profile and high nutritional potential of radish microgreens.
Consumer acceptance, Microgreens, Nutrients, Phytonutrients, Sensory quality
PROFILE OF CANCER PATIENTS WHO SOUGHT ALTERNATIVE CARE OF SIDDHA AT THE AYOTHIDASPANDITHAR HOSPITAL, NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF SIDDHA, 2017-2022
Background Cancer is the second most common cause of death and one of the most difficult non-communicable diseases to treat.The Tamil Nadu Cancer Registry Project has shown that for Tamil Nadu's population of 80 million, the crude incidence rate (CIR) of all cancers per 1,00,000 population was 93.9 for women and 74.4 for men, with the highest CIR in Chennai (140.8). The Siddha medical system can treat all ailments, and research has proven that Siddha drugs can effectively treat cancer. Objective This study explored the characteristics of cancer patients who sought alternative treatment of Siddha at Ayothidas Pandithar Hospital (APH) at the National Institute of Siddhafrom 2017 to 2022. Methods The patient data was collected retrospectively from the hospital-based cancer registry at the special OPD of APH from January 2017 to December 2022. The diagnosis of the cases and treatment were taken as reported and documented in the patient record. MS Office was used for data entry and creating charts. Descriptive statistics were calculated using SPSS software for Windows (version 21.0, Chicago, IL, USA), and the map was drawn using ArcGIS version 10 software (ESRI, Redlands, CA, USA) Results A total of 1131 cancer patients attended the Siddha Special OPD at APH. Significantly more men (55.4%) opted for alternative Siddha therapy. A higher percentage of patients (31%) belonged to the 60 to 69 year age group.Based on the stromal histological features, 82% were found to be malignant.The two most prevalent cancers were gastrointestinal Cancer (45%) and gynecological Cancer (21%). Also, the most common tumors sought alternative treatment were gastrointestinal cancers in males (44%) and gynecological cancers (49%) in women. Siddha regimen was more than one-third (36%) of the patients' first course of treatment, and 17% received more than one therapy.Five percent of the patients were diagnosed and treated on the same day, with the alternative Siddha treatment, while 29% were within a month. Most of the patients (95%) were from Tamil Nadu, and their geographical distribution was dispersed all over the state. Conclusion The study examined the characteristics and treatment-seeking behavior of APH cancer patients seeking alternative therapies. The study's findings suggest that further investigation is necessary to comprehend the outcome of Siddha cancer treatment and to propagate that Siddha cancer therapy is safe and helpful.
Cancer care, Siddha treatment, Cancer registry, Patient profile