Studies in Science of Science | ISSN: 1003-2053
Studies in Science of Science is a premier international journal dedicated to advancing scientific research and innovation. Our publication features cutting-edge studies in science, technology policy, and technology management, offering valuable theoretical insights, research papers, survey reports, and case studies. With a focus on promoting innovation, fostering academic exchanges, and driving technology development, our journal serves as a platform for sharing knowledge and advancing scientific discourse. In addition to our main sections covering scientific theory, technology development strategy, and policy, we also feature columns on technology management, book reviews, academic trends, and more. Join us in exploring the forefront of scientific inquiry and shaping the future of technology.
PRIVACY-PRESERVING FEDERATED LEARNING FOR MULTI-CENTER RURAL HEALTH DIAGNOSTICS
Rural healthcare systems often face challenges in diagnostic accuracy due to limited data availability, inconsistent record-keeping, and privacy regulations that restrict data sharing across centers. Federated Learning (FL) enables collaborative model training across multiple health centers without centralizing sensitive patient data. This paper proposes an enhanced Privacy-Preserving Federated Learning (PPFL) framework for multi-center rural health diagnostics, integrating differential privacy, secure aggregation, and lightweight blockchain-based authentication mechanisms. The proposed architecture facilitates multi-center participation, allowing decentralized model updates and improving diagnostic accuracy while ensuring strong privacy guarantees. Simulation results demonstrate that the PPFL approach improves model convergence by 5%, reduces data leakage risk by 97%, and enhances scalability for rural healthcare infrastructures.
Federated Learning, Privacy Preservation, Rural Health, Secure Aggregation, Differential Privacy, Blockchain, Medical Diagnostics
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DISTRIBUTION OF ENTB AND KFU GENES AMONG KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE ISOLATES RECOVERED FROM CLINICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES IN NAJAF, IRAQ
Objective: Klebsiella pneumoniae is a clinically significant opportunistic pathogen known for its multidrug resistance and virulence potential. Among its virulence determinants, the iron acquisition genes kfu and entB play critical roles in systemic dissemination and persistence. This study aimed to detect the presence of kfu and entB genes in clinical and environmental isolates of K. pneumoniae from Najaf, Iraq, Methods: A total of 29 bacterial isolates were collected from different sources such as urine, sputum, and wound specimens and 1 isolate was collected from environment. Identification of K. pneumoniae was performed using colony morphology, Gram staining, biochemical tests, and confirmed by the VITEK 2 compact system. String test has been carried out for detection Hyper virulent K. pneumoniae (hvKP). Molecular detection of kfu and entB was conducted using multiplex PCR with gene-specific primers. Results: All isolates were identified as K. pneumoniae with low percentage (20.68%) of occurrence of hvKP (6 isolates only). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed high resistance rates across multiple agents. High antibiotic resistance reported to Amoxicillin-Clavulanic Acid (AMC) (100%), followed by Ceftazidime (CAZ) and Rifampicin (R5) (96.5%), while Imipenem showing the highest susceptibility. The entB gene was detected in all isolates (100%), while kfu was present in only 4 isolates (13.8%). The universal presence of entB suggests its fundamental role in iron chelation and bacterial survival, while the limited distribution of kfu may indicate strain-specific virulence potential. Conclusion: These findings underscore the importance of iron acquisition systems in K. pneumoniae pathogenesis and highlight the need for targeted molecular surveillance and therapeutic strategies.
Klebsiella pneumoniae, kfu gene, entB gene, iron acquisition, virulence factors
EFL TEACHERS’ PRACTICES AND CONSTRAINTS IN IMPLEMENTING THE REFLECTIVE APPROACH TO TEACHING WRITING IN GRADE 11 IN ADDIS ABABA CITY, ETHIOPIA
The purpose of this study was to investigate teachers’ practices and challenges in implementing the reflective approaches to EFL classes with particular reference to five selected secondary schools in Addis Ababa. The study had three research questions and employed a descriptive qualitative research design, involving eleven grade 11English language teachers. Empirical data were collected through semi-structured interviews and document analysis. The findings indicated that though grade eleven English teachers are qualified enough to implement the reflective approach to teaching writing, the data confirmed that they could not apply it to the real classroom situations as frequently as possible due to several pulling and pushing factors. The majority of them used direct feedback and meta-linguistic feedback. The salient challenges that hindered the implementation of this approach to writing classes were the English teachers’ in-bred beliefs that were transferred from their predecessors, large class size, students’ low capacity in the writing skills, lack of sufficient time for teachers to reflect on each student’ written work, students’ low appetite to learn from the reflections they received from their English teachers and students’ lack of commitment to improve their writing skills through their own efforts.
Reflection, Reflective approach, Teaching writing, Teachers’ written feedback
FORMULATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CAFFEINE-INFUSED MEDICATED CHEWING GUM FOR ENHANCED COGNITIVE ALERTNESS
The current investigation focused on developing and accessing caffeine-infused medicated chewing gum as an innovative oral drug delivery method for heightened cognitive alertness. Caffeine was added to a gum base along with appropriate excipients, and the formulation process was fine-tuned to ensure consistency and appealing organoleptic characteristics. The produced batches (F1–F3) underwent evaluation for physical attributes (weight variation, hardness, adhesion), chemical quality (content uniformity, stability), and in-vitro drug release. All formulations fulfilled pharmacopoeia criteria for weight variation and content uniformity, with caffeine levels ranging from 97.8% to 101.2% of the stated amount. In-vitro release assessments revealed quick drug release, with 65–70% of caffeine being released within 5 minutes and over 90% within 15 minutes of chewing. Stability tests conducted at 30 °C ± 2 °C / 65% RH ± 5% RH over six months showed no significant alterations in physical appearance, hardness, or caffeine content. The findings indicate that caffeine-infused medicated chewing gum provides a convenient, enjoyable, and effective dosage form for quick action, making it a viable alternative to traditional oral caffeine options.
Medicated chewing gum, Drug delivery system, Buccal absorption
OROMO INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE INTEGRATION INTO MIDDLE-LEVEL SCHOOL CITIZENSHIP EDUCATION CURRICULA: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES
The study examined the challenges and opportunities of incorporating Oromo indigenous knowledge into the middle-level citizenship education curriculum of the Oromia Regional State in Ethiopia. To meet this purpose, a mixed research method with a concurrent parallel research design was employed. The study was conducted within two purposively selected zones of the Oromia regional state. In the study, 43 (100%) teachers were selected by the comprehensive sampling technique. From a total of 13,302 students in the selected districts, 388 of them were selected using the sample size determined by Yemane’s (1967) formula. Moreover, regional curriculum experts, textbook writers, and editors were selected purposively. The data were gathered through questionnaires and interviews. The quantitative data obtained through questionnaires were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics, while the qualitative data obtained through interviews were analyzed thematically. The findings revealed that economic factors such as limited resources for education and curriculum development, lack of well-organized documents, and prioritizing Western educational ideologies through grants and aid were obstacles to integrating indigenous knowledge into middle-level citizenship education curricula. Moreover, politically related factors, such as the Western system-oriented Ethiopian education curriculum contents, and the lack of administrative support, and social-related factors, like the little contribution of elites, lack of community, and stakeholders' participation in curriculum development, challenged the Oromo indigenous knowledge integration into the middle-level citizenship education curriculum. However, there are also opportunities, like a favorable policy environment and the legal sphere of the country’s constitution, for indigenous knowledge integration. While there is policy and constitutional support for the integration of Oromo indigenous knowledge, it should be translated into actionable strategies that actively engage educators, policymakers, and community members in curriculum development.
Integration; indigenous knowledge; Citizenship education curricula; middle-level school; Challenges; Opportunities
GOOD GOVERNANCE PRACTICES FOR THE BETTER PERFORMANCES OF EARLY CHILDHOOD CARE AND EDUCATION: A PILOT STUDY IN HAWASSA CITY ADMINISTRATION
The aim of the study was to assess the good governance practices and its impacts on the performances of early childhood care and education in Hawassa City administration as a pilot study. The sample for the questionnaire schedule consisted of 143 individuals, including 125 teachers and 43 directors. The sample was distributed across 43(29 private and 14 government schools) proportionally. Respondents were selected using simple random sampling. In addition 6 experts and leaders were interviewed. An embedded mixed method design was employed. Both qualitative and quantitative data collection and analytical techniques were applied. The overall correlation analysis result showed that the proposed independent variables are likely to significantly influence preschool performance. The regression analysis revealed that from the predictor variables, accountability, efficiency, and effectiveness in government schools and transparency, strategic vision, and the bylaw in private schools were found to be the significant factors that likely predict preschool performance. The pilot study found that there is no separate governance structure and budget allocations for pre-schools education, hence, the current standing of the ECCE indicated that the mean overall scores of performance were found to be 2.58,which shows that respondents are moderately satisfied by their pre-schools performance. Based on the findings, one may conclude that the quality of education may not improve unless these problems are taken into account and solved soon. Finally, the study suggests the impacts of governance problems on pre-school performance would be addressed through prioritizing investments for pre-schools with establishing appropriate independent governance structures by giving great attention to the program, as ECCE programming has a great foundation for children to ensure success at later years.
Better Performance, Early child care, Good governance, Pre-schools, Structure
INVESTIGATING THE INFLUENCE OF TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP ON FIRM PERFORMANCE: EVIDENCE FROM SELECTED INDUSTRIAL PARKS IN ETHIOPIA
This study examines the influence of transformational leadership (Transf.Lead.) on firm performance (FirmPR.) in selected industrial parks in Ethiopia. It focuses on four leadership dimensions: idealized influence, inspirational motivation, individualized consideration, and intellectual stimulation. The study employs both descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling (SEM). It uses an explanatory research approach to analyze data collected from 308 management-level employees across various firms in seven industrial parks. Economic, social, and environmental metrics assess the company's performance. The results indicate that transformative leadership has a strong and statistically significant positive effect on company performance (β = 0.449, C.R. = 3.549, p < 0.001). These findings align with research conducted locally and globally, showing that transformational leadership enhances organizational outcomes, especially in performance-driven industrial settings. The report recommends incorporating transformational leadership behaviors into human resource practices, adjusting leadership strategies to meet triple-bottom-line performance goals, and implementing leadership development programs. The findings provide practical insights for policymakers, the Investment Commission, the Industrial Park Development Corporation, park managers, firms in industrial parks, and organizational development practitioners.
Transformational Leadership, Firm Performance, Industrial Parks, Ethiopia
A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW ON PHYTOCHEMICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF COMMELINA BENGHALENSIS (BENGHAL DAYFLOWER)
Background: Commelina benghalensis (Benghal dayflower), a member of the family Commelinaceae, is a widely distributed perennial herb recognized both as an agricultural weed and an ethnomedicinal plant. Traditionally, it has been used in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders, inflammation, skin ailments, reproductive issues, and microbial infections. Increasing scientific evidence highlights its phytochemical richness and pharmacological potential, warranting a systematic review of its medicinal value. Objective: This review aims to consolidate and critically evaluate the phytochemical constituents and pharmacological activities of C. benghalensis, highlight mechanistic insights, and identify gaps and future research prospects for drug development. Methods: A comprehensive literature survey was conducted using databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Relevant studies on phytochemistry, pharmacology, molecular mechanisms, and ethnomedicinal applications of C. benghalensis were analyzed. Findings were categorized into phytochemical groups, pharmacological activities, and mechanistic insights. Results: Phytochemical investigations revealed the presence of flavonoids (apigenin, kaempferol), phenolic acids (vanillic acid, protocatechuic acid), sterols (β-sitosterol, stigmasterol), terpenoids, alkaloids, and saponins. Quantitative estimations confirm high levels of phenolics and flavonoids. Pharmacological studies demonstrate antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, hepatoprotective, neuropharmacological, reproductive, and larvicidal activities. Mechanistic insights suggest interactions with NF-κB, COX-2, HMG-CoA reductase, caspase-3, and ROS-scavenging enzymes. However, current evidence is largely preclinical, with limited standardization, inconsistent dosing, and no clinical validation. Conclusion: C. benghalensis is a promising medicinal resource with diverse bioactivities linked to its phytochemical richness. Despite strong preclinical evidence, gaps remain in clinical trials, pharmacokinetic studies, and safety assessments. Future directions include standardization of extracts, omics-based mechanistic approaches, lead optimization, and innovative formulations to translate traditional knowledge into modern therapeutics.
Commelina benghalensis; Benghal dayflower; phytochemicals; pharmacological activities; antioxidant; anti-inflammatory; antimicrobial; sterols; flavonoids; drug development
EVALUATION OF MEMORY-ENHANCING AND NEUROPROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF CHENOPODIUM ALBUM LEAF EXTRACTS IN WISTAR RATS
Scopolamine disrupts cholinergic signaling and models Alzheimer-type cognitive loss. Chenopodium album has traditional use for brain function. Ethanolic and aqueous leaf extracts were tested in scopolamine-treated Wistar rats at 250 and 500 mg/kg, with piracetam as reference. Phytochemical screening identified alkaloids, saponins, quinones, coumarins, sugars, and gums. Both extracts reduced oxidative markers (MDA, LDH, nitrite) and restored SDH and GSH. Higher doses produced stronger effects. Findings indicate notable memory-protective and antioxidant activity. Bioactive components such as flavonoids, tannins, diosgenin, quinones, and saponins likely drive the response. Further component-specific work is required.
Chenopodium album, scopolamine, nootropic activity, oxidative stress, Wistar rats
STRATEGIC INTEGRATION: EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND DECISION SCIENCE IN INCLUSIVE TEACHING
This conceptual paper explores the evolution of inclusive education from a homogeneous to a heterogeneous perspective, examining discourses in both developed and developing countries with a focus on diversity. Scholars such as Florian, Slee, Meijer, and Allan have engaged in discussions, emphasizing the critical role of teacher competencies in the success of inclusive education. Factors like attitudes, curriculum, resources, parental involvement, and multidisciplinary orientation are identified as crucial for practicing inclusive education. Projects like 'Teacher Education for Inclusion (2009-2012)' have outlined various teacher competency models. The review centers on the Bar-On Model of Emotional Intelligence (2006) due to its widespread usage, incorporating open-source conceptual papers and research. The paper underscores the significance of emotional intelligence in supporting teachers' competencies for inclusive education. It justifies the positive link between emotional intelligence and adapted behavior, quality social relationships, professional longevity, effective coping, and leadership skills. The argument is made that cultivating emotional intelligence in teachers is essential, enhancing their abilities to meet the diverse needs of students in inclusive classrooms adeptly.
Inclusive education, Teacher competencies, Emotional intelligence, Decision making
DEVELOPMENT AND NUTRITIONAL EVALUATION OF A LOCALLY SOURCED NUTRIENT DENSE BISCUITS: AN INNOVATIVE APPROACH FOR CONSTRUCTION WORKERS
Construction workers are one of the most vulnerable occupational groups prone to nutritional deficiencies due to their strenuous physical activity, irregular eating habits, and limited access to balanced diet. A locally sourced nutrient-dense biscuit was developed and evaluated for its nutritional and sensory qualities. The biscuits were formulated using wheat flour, pearl millet flour, soy flour, sesame seeds, jaggery powder, and ghee, all of which are affordable and readily available ingredients with high nutritive value. The developed product was subjected to proximate and sensory evaluation to determine its nutritional composition and acceptability. The results revealed that the biscuits were rich in protein, healthy fats, minerals, and dietary fiber, making them a wholesome and energy-rich snack suitable for construction workers. Sensory evaluation using a nine-point hedonic scale indicated good acceptance in terms of taste, texture, color, and overall quality. The incorporation of pearl millet and soy flour significantly improved the protein and mineral content, while sesame seeds and jaggery enhanced flavor and micronutrient density. The study concludes that the formulated biscuits offer a cost-effective, convenient, and nutritionally balanced food supplement that can help improve the dietary intake and overall health of construction workers. This innovative approach demonstrates the potential of utilizing locally available ingredients to develop functional foods aimed at enhancing the nutritional status of labor-intensive populations.
Construction workers, food product development, biscuits, nutrition, health
EXCLUSIVE BREASTFEEDING AND SOCIAL-EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN EARLY YEARS: MOTHERS' AND TEACHERS' PERSPECTIVES
Purpose: Evidence suggests that breastfeeding may influence children’s socio-emotional development; however, studies are limited and sometimes yield contradictory results. This study, based on mothers’ and teachers’ perspectives, aims to examine the impact of six months of exclusive breastfeeding on the socio-emotional and behavioural development of 3–4-year-old children attending daycare. Methods: In this cross-sectional, correlational study, data on breastfeeding duration were collected via maternal reports based on recall. Behavioural data were obtained using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), completed by both mothers and teachers. Potential confounding factors, including demographic variables, were accounted for. The study analyzed data from 212 preschool children, of whom 52.4% (n=111) were exclusively breastfed for six months, and 47.6% (n=101) were never breastfed. Results: Breastfed children demonstrated higher levels of prosocial behaviour, whereas non-breastfed children exhibited higher levels of hyperactivity and behavioural difficulties. No significant differences were observed in emotional symptoms, conduct problems, or peer relationship issues. Even after adjusting for confounders, exclusive breastfeeding remained independently associated with reduced behavioural difficulties. Conclusions: These findings suggest that breastfeeding, alongside positive parental interactions, independently protects against children’s emotional and behavioural difficulties. The results add to the growing body of evidence indicating that exclusive breastfeeding during the first six months may positively contribute to children’s socio-emotional development.
Exclusive breastfeeding, Social-emotional development, Early childhood development, parents’ perspectives, teachers’ perspectives
THE COVID- 19 PANDEMIC AND SEXUAL VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN: A SPACIAL AND TEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF RAPES IN PERNAMBUCO, BRAZIL
Sexual violence and rape are attacks on a woman’s body and dignity; such assaults have psychological, social and economic consequences for the rest of her life. The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed and exacerbated inequalities within countries, with women being more vulnerable to domestic and sexual violence and femicides. This study aimed to analyze the temporal trend of rape rates against women in Pernambuco, in the pre-pandemic and pandemic periods. There were 8,948 rapes against women in the period, with 5,076 (56.7%) occurring in the pre-pandemic. In the pandemic period, there was a reduction in rape rates against women in the adult population and in the Metropolitan Region. The reductions in the rate of rape against women found may reflect underreporting during the pandemic, as well as stigma, fear, shame and victim-blaming.
violence against women; rape; COVID-19; spatial analysis; interrupted time series analysis
QUEST FOR INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE INTEGRATION INTO MATHEMATICS CURRICULUM FOR PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS’ EDUCATION IN OROMIA REGIONAL STATE, ETHIOPIA
This study explored the extent of Indigenous Mathematical Knowledge (IMK) integration in the mathematics teacher education curriculum in Oromia, Ethiopia, using a convergent parallel mixed-methods design. Data from 199 pre-service teachers, curriculum documents, and educator interviews revealed minimal and inconsistent IMK integration in content, pedagogy, and instructional resources. Quantitative findings showed low to neutral perceptions of IMK presence, particularly the lack of localized materials and contextualized content (less than 10%). Qualitative insights resonated with these results, stress educators’ conceptual confusion, limited institutional support, and insufficient culturally responsive pedagogies. Despite supportive national policies, implementation remains symbolic and disconnected from learners’ realities. The study emphasizes the need for a shift from nominal content inclusion to a systemic transformation grounded in Indigenous epistemologies. It calls for clear policy direction, educator capacity building, and community engagement to ensure authentic IMK integration, offering critical implications for curriculum reform in Ethiopia and similar postcolonial education systems.
Indigenous Mathematical Knowledge, Teacher Education, Curriculum Integration, Culturally Responsive Pedagogy
THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY OF CHLOROGENIC ACID IN ATTENUATING DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY VIA MODULATION OF ANG II-MEDIATED MOLECULAR PATHWAYS
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a long-standing metabolic condition with serious complications, of which diabetic nephropathy (DN) is still one of the leading causes of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) globally. This current research sought to investigate the curative efficacy of chlorogenic acid (CGA), a natural polyphenolic compound in coffee and fruits, in treating DN by modulation of the Angiotensin II (Ang II)-mediated mechanisms. Male Wistar rats were induced to diabetes with streptozotocin (STZ, 65 mg/kg) and nicotinamide (NA, 230 mg/kg) and then CGA (40 mg/kg) was given orally for eight weeks. Biochemical, urine, and histological parameters were measured together with the estimation of inflammatory (TNF-α, IL-1β), oxidative stress markers (SOD, GSH, MDA), and serum Ang II levels by ELISA. Findings showed that CGA significantly reduced fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, serum creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen levels but increased antioxidant status and renal function. Treatment with CGA also reduced TNF-α and IL-1β markedly, enhanced SOD and GSH activity, and inhibited Ang II expression, leading to diminished renal inflammation and oxidative stress. Histopathological observations showed that CGA restored glomerular architecture and decreased tubular damage compared to diabetic controls. These findings suggest that CGA is an effective safeguard against STZ–NA-induced renal injury by suppressing Ang II-induced inflammatory and oxidative processes. Overall, chlorogenic acid possesses potent nephroprotective and anti-diabetic effects, making it a promising natural drug candidate in the therapy of diabetic nephropathy through the modulation of the renin–angiotensin system and associated molecular processes.
Chlorogenic acid, Diabetic nephropathy, Angiotensin II, Oxidative stress, Inflammation, Streptozotocin
DEVELOPMENT AND IN VITRO CHARACTERIZATION OF THE EUDRAGIT S100 COATED MICROSPONGE OF BERBERINE HCLFOR TREATMENT OF ULCERATIVE COLITIS
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic, relapsing inflammatory bowel disease affecting the mucosal lining of the colon and rectum, often leading to symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, and rectal bleeding. Existing pharmacological therapies are associated with limitations including systemic side effects, poor site-specific action, and reduced patient compliance. In recent years, herbal therapies have gained interest due to their safety profile and therapeutic potential. In this study, we developed a colon-targeted drug delivery system utilizing a microsponge-based approach for the effective delivery of Berberine, a natural alkaloid known for its potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, aimed at improving treatment outcomes in UC. The microsponges were prepared using the quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion method and subsequently coated with Eudragit S-100, a pH-sensitive polymer, to facilitate site-specific release in the colonic region. The prepared formulations were extensively characterized for particle size, surface morphology, entrapment efficiency, swelling behavior, and in vitro drug release profile under simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Scanning electron microscopy revealed spherical porous microstructures with uniform distribution. The encapsulation efficiency was found to be optimal, and the drug release studies indicated minimal release in the acidic environment (pH 1.2 and 6.8) with a marked increase at pH 7.4, mimicking the colonic environment. The developed system ensured protection of the drug in the upper gastrointestinal tract and enabled controlled release at the site of inflammation, thereby enhancing therapeutic efficacy while minimizing systemic exposure. This microsponge-based, Eudragit -coated delivery system offers a promising and innovative platform for targeted herbal therapy in ulcerative colitis and may serve as a potential alternative to conventional therapies, improving patient adherence and overall clinical outcomes.
Ulcerative colitis, microsponge, Eudragit, berberine, colon-targeted drug delivery, herbal medicine
IMPACT OF SMALL-SCALE CHEMISTRY EXPERIMENTATION ON GRADE 10 STUDENTS’ ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT: A CASE OF GEDEO ZONE SECONDARY SCHOOLS, SOUTH ETHIOPIA
In resource-limited schools, hands-on chemistry learning is often hindered by inadequate laboratory infrastructure. Small-Scale Chemistry Experimentation (SSCE) Kit addresses this gap by using minimal, localized materials to facilitate inquiry-based learning. This quasi-experimental study evaluated the impact of SSCE on Grade 10 students’ academic achievement in Ethiopia’s Gedeo Zone. Employing Solomon’s four-group design to control for pre-test bias, 400 students from 10 intact classes (5 experimental, 5 control) across four secondary schools participated. While both groups followed Constructivist Learning Theory and the ADDIE Model, the experimental group engaged in hands-on SSCE activities, whereas the control group received traditional, teacher-centered instruction. Rigorous fidelity checks ensured methodological consistency. Students exposed to SSCE demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in academic achievement (F = 56.58, p < .001), with a large effect size (Cohen’s d = 1.76). Pre-test scores moderately predicted post-test outcomes, but SSCE independently enhanced conceptual understanding and engagement. The study confirms SSCE as an effective, low-cost, student-centered approach for under-resourced schools, reducing cognitive load without requiring extensive lab infrastructure. Findings advocate for scaling SSCE in similar contexts through teacher training and integration into national STEM strategies, particularly those aligned with Ethiopia’s Vision 2030.
Academic Achievement, Chemistry Education, Cognitive Load Theory, Constructivist Learning Theory, Resource-Limited Schools, Small-Scale Chemistry Experimentation (SSCE)
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF THE EXOTHERMIC CHEMICAL REACTION ASSOCIATED WITH THE ACTIVATION ENERGY EFFECT ON CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER OF ETHYLENE GLYCOL-BASED AG-TIO₂ HYBRID NANOFLUID IN CYLINDRICAL ANNULUS
The goal of this study is to look into how a mixed nanofluid moves between two permeable tubes when thermal radiation and heat are present. The finite difference method is used to get the exact answers. Graphs and tables show how the amount of nanoparticles, the porous material, radiation, heat production, and angular frequency affect the speed, temperature, and Nusselt number. The nanofluid made of TiO2 and water had the fastest speed, while the nanofluid made of TiO2 and water had the widest temperature range.
Activation energy, exhothermic chemical reaction, cylindrical annulus, Eg-TiO2 and Ag hybrid nanofluids Heat transfer
REVITALIZING CIVIC LEARNING THROUGH INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE: EVALUATING THE INTEGRATION, INTEGRITY, AND CONTRIBUTIONS OF CITIZENSHIP EDUCATION IN ETHIOPIAN SECONDARY SCHOOLS
Education is vital for creating informed citizens in democratic society. In Ethiopia, Citizenship Education (CE) is included into the secondary school curriculum to promote democracy and community involvement through Indigenous Knowledge (IK) infusion, though its integrity and effectiveness is debated. This research explores how well IK is included into secondary school CE, its integrity and contributions in the society using a qualitative case study. Data obtained through interviews, focus group discussions, and textbook analyses were analyzed thematically. The findings show that the integration of IK is shallow, scanty and irregular, lacks integrity, and authenticity. Nevertheless, IK integrated into CE is contributing to civic engagements in peace, respect, unity in diversity, national identity and sense of patriotism. It enhances school-based activities which cultivate essential skills like empathy, agency, and social awareness in students for developing leadership, accountability, and democratic participation in their life. The study suggests comprehensive and inclusive approaches that enable stakeholders such as curriculum developers; teachers and community members to participate in alleviating problems associated with integration, integrity to enhance its contributions.
citizenship education, curriculum integration, civic learning, Ethiopian Secondary Schools, indigenous knowledge, integrity
ENHANCING ACHIEVEMENT GAIN PERFORMANCE OF STUDENTS IN SECONDARY SCHOOL THROUGH INQUIRY-BASED LABORATORY LEARNING STRATEGIES ON PHYSICS EDUCATION
This study examined statistically the learning achievement gains among students who engaged inquiry-based virtual laboratory experiment (IBVLE), physical laboratory (IBPLE), and non-laboratory (IBNL) learning strategies. A quasi-experimental research design was used with sample size of 150 tenth-grade students divided into three groups associated to the learning strategies. The students’ achievement gain data were administered and analyzed from pre-test to post-test; it indicated roughly normal distributed and equal variance. A two-way ANOVA was conducted to compare students’ achievement gain variance, its result reveals there are significant differences between learning strategies groups at P < 0.05 with partial eta square (η²) = .343 , but the gender has not statistically significant on the achievement mean N-gain. The study also analyzed using line marginal mean plot, its findings showed that the female and the male students performed greater in IBVLE learning strategy than in IBPLE, and IBNL learning strategy, respectively. Both genders exhibited nearly equal learning achievement N-gains in IBPLE learning strategy. . Level of students’ achievement gain were analyzed across all learning strategies using N-gain, the group of students exposed to IBVLE strategy gained a moderate high level of achievement gain with average N-gain = 0.583, but no students gained high level in IBPLE, and IBNL learning approach. The findings suggested that IBVLE is a more effective learning strategy for enhancing achievement performance.
inquiry-based learning strategy, enhancing learning achievement gain, secondary school, physics education
ASSESSMENT OF SERVICE QUALITY DIMENSION AND ITS EFFECT ON CUSTOMER SATISFACTION: IN CASE OF ETHIOPIAN ELECTRIC UTILITY (EEU) FOCUSING ON CALL CENTER (HQ)
This study aimed to assess the effect of service quality dimensions on customer satisfaction in the context of the Ethiopian Electric Utility (EEU), with a specific focus on the call center. The study employed a quantitative research approach, utilizing a survey questionnaire to collect data from 204 customers of the EEU call center. The service quality dimensions examined were tangibility, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy, based on the SERVQUAL model. The findings revealed that all five service quality dimensions had a statistically significant positive impact on customer satisfaction. Reliability emerged as the most influential factor, followed by assurance, responsiveness, empathy, and tangibility. The study provides valuable insights for the EEU management to prioritize and improve the service quality dimensions that significantly contribute to enhancing customer satisfaction. By addressing the identified gaps, the EEU can optimize its call center operations and deliver a superior customer experience.
responsiveness (1), reliability (2), assurance (3), empathy (4), tangibles (5)
THE EFFECT OF BUDGET TRANSPARENCY ON FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN AFRICA: THE ROLE OF INSTITUTIONAL QUALITY
This study investigates the effect of budget transparency on foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows in Africa, with a particular focus on the moderating and threshold effects of institutional quality. Guided by Institutional and Agency theories, the study posits that fiscal transparency influences investment decisions not in isolation but through its interaction with governance structures. Using a quantitative research approach, the study applies a dynamic panel design covering 35 SSA countries from 2010 to 2023. The estimation is conducted using the two-step System Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) to address endogeneity concerns and account for persistence in FDI. Seo et al (2019) dynamic threshold Model further explores nonlinear effects of institutional quality. The findings reveal that budget transparency positively affects FDI inflows, but this effect is significantly amplified only when institutional indicators such as voice and accountability, political stability, and government effectiveness, exceed defined thresholds. In weaker institutional environments, transparency alone is insufficient and may even deter investment by exposing governance risks. The results emphasize the importance of credible institutions in converting fiscal openness into investor confidence. Based on these insights, the study recommends targeted and sequenced transparency reforms, capacity-building in public institutions, enhanced citizen engagement, and continuous monitoring of transparency outcomes. The study contributes to literature on public financial management and investment dynamics in developing regions, offering guidance for policymakers seeking to attract long-term, quality investment through improved fiscal governance.
Budget Transparency, Institutional Quality, Foreign Direct Investment, Thresholds, Africa
DETERMINANTS OF DEPOSIT MOBILIZATION IN COMMERCIAL BANKS OF ETHIOPIA
Deposits are the lifeblood of the banking Industry; Hence, deposit mobilization is critical to Banks, a fundamental part of banking activity. (Banson, et al, 2012), the study focused only on one of the areas of finance, which involves determining Commercial banks' deposits. This paper empirically examines the determinants of Deposit mobilization in commercial banks of Ethiopia for the period 2015-2024. From the total of Eighteen Banks in Ethiopia that were engaged in commercial banking activities, eight commercial banks were selected as a Sample based on the year of establishment, the Capacity of all Key Performance Indicators, and the availability of data. To arrive at the generalized idea, the researcher used these Selection Criteria to achieve the maximum number of observations through a purposive sampling technique. The sampled commercial Banks were Commercial Bank of Ethiopia, Awash International Bank S.C., Dashen Bank S.C., Bank of Abyssinia S.C, United Bank S.C., Cooperative Bank of Oromia, Wegagen Bank S.C, and Nib International Bank S.C. The researcher used secondary data as a source, which were gathered from the annual reports of eight commercial banks. The specific data were collected from financial statements Bank records, journals, websites, and relevant literature. The researcher employed quantitative research methodology and techniques using an econometric model and Descriptive Analysis in order to address the research questions. Multiple regression using OLS (Ordinary Least Square) estimates of the dependent (Total Deposit growth) and four independent external variables, Inflation, Deposit interest rate, Broad Money Supply, Growth per capita, and two internal factors, return on equity and loan to deposit ratio, were employed. Different diagnostic tests (test for assumption of Heteroscedasticity using estathtest, specification error using linktest, multicollinearity using correlation matrix) were conducted to check the appropriateness of the model. The results reveal that deposit interest rate and growth per capita are positively and statistically significant on bank deposit growth; whereas, inflation rate, return on equity, broad money supply and loan to deposit ratio influence is negatively and statistically significant on bank deposit growth. The research recommends that the Government should decrease the supply of broad money to the economy, devise a mechanism to control inflation, increase deposit interest rate and give more attention to investment and commercial banks loan to loan-to-deposit ratio to be kept minimum.
Commercial Banks, Deposit Mobilization, Determinants, Ethiopia, Bank deposits
CORRUPTION'S IMPACT ON ZIMBABWE’S MINERAL ECONOMY: ENHANCING CORPORATE GOVERNANCE FOR SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC GROWTH
Context of the study Zimbabwe is a developing country that is blessed with abundant mineral resources, which have great potential to transform its economy and improve the livelihood of its citizens. Despite substantial mining activities in Zimbabwe, economic growth has remained weak, with corruption identified as one of the major governance factors negatively affecting business innovation and hindering economic growth. In 2024, Zimbabwe ranked 158th out of 180 countries on Transparency International's Perceptions Index and scored 21 out of 100, indicating a high level of perceived corruption. While research has been conducted on the extractive sector, the economy continues to be exploited due to illicit financial flows. The current study seeks to explore the impact of corruption on Zimbabwe’s mineral economy, with the ultimate goal of developing evidence-based strategies to combat corruption and promote sustainable economic growth. Research Methodology The study used a qualitative and quantitative approach which employed an exploratory research design. This mixed methods research approach explored the impact of corruption on economic growth to identify effective corporate governance strategies for Zimbabwe. Data was collected through a survey questionnaire and interviews conducted with government officials, mining industry leaders, environmentalists, economists, and local community representatives. The qualitative data was analyzed using a thematic approach to identify recurring patterns, perceptions, and governance challenges related to corruption. A codebook framework was used to develop the themes. The questionnaire received a response rate of 70 out of 80 distributed questionnaires. Data was analyzed using NVivo statistical software. Key Findings and Analysis The study unearthed several critical patterns that demand action: Revenue loss due to illicit financial flows (IFFs) that drain resources meant to benefit citizens. The loss is through mainly tax evasion, money laundering, smuggling across porous borders and dirty contracts. Underreporting and bribery were the main forms of corruption from the survey. A complicated network of actors is involved in corruption in Zimbabwe's mining sector. Lack of transparency and accountability in beneficial ownership, institutionalization of stakeholder engagement, awarding contracts and licensing. This creates mistrust between the government and the citizens. Weak institutional oversight has resulted in no one holding power to account due to understaffing, lack of resources or compromised. Need to strengthen international cooperation to curb corruption. Minerals are exported in raw state. Immense potential for technology and value addition to boost industrial development. The study also proffered solutions to address the patterns identified: Development of a new mining tax model that is based on economic resource rent as opposed to taxing profits. Introduction of drones to monitor porous borders, complemented by enforcement teams. Introduce an online open contracting, publishing all mining licences and contract awards to promote transparency. There should be beneficial ownership disclosure. Automation of licensing and contract awarding systems to minimize human discretion. Strengthen corporate governance through establishing strongly resourced and fully capacitated in terms of expertise, Independent regulatory and oversight institutions. Strengthen International cooperation in order to be effective in dealing with cross border crimes which at times may involve money laundering. Mineral beneficiation to be done locally. Conclusion and Implications Corruption is a cost and its impact on citizens is catastrophic. The government is starved of funding for essential services such as infrastructure, education and health due to revenue lost through tax evasion, smuggling, dirty contracts and other rent seeking systems, while a few corrupt elements benefit at the expense of many. Corruption continues to harm economic growth despite the existence of several anti-corruption policies that are surrounded by weak regulatory frameworks that allow corruption to thrive, while a lack of openness and inclusive participation create chances for illegal activities. By embracing Transparency, accountability, leveraging technology and strengthening governance, Zimbabwe has the potential to benefit from its mineral wealth for the benefit of its citizens.
Corruption, Economic Growth, Corporate governance, Mineral resources
IMPACT OF INTRINSIC MOTIVATION FACTORS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF BANKS: THE CASE OF ETHIOPIAN BANKS
This research investigated the impact of intrinsic employee motivation factors in enhancing the performance of banks in Ethiopia. The relationship between the bank performance and employee intrinsic motivation factors had not been well addressed before by examining the unique motivational drivers and challenges faced by employees in Ethiopia’s Banking Industry. Focusing on the Ethiopian Context, the study will provide empirical evidence for intrinsic motivational factors. Considering the ultimate objectives to examine impact of intrinsic employee motivation in enhancing the performance of banks in Ethiopia and to assess how intrinsic motivational factors influence performance of banks in Ethiopian, the study highlights the significance of intrinsic motivational factors in driving performance. The study aims to examine the impact of intrinsic motivation factors on the performance of banks in Ethiopia. Using a structured questionnaire distributed across 10 different Ethiopian banks, a total of 137 valid responses were analyzed. Data collection involved structured questionnaires distributed to employees across targeted banks to capture diverse perspectives on motivational strategies. The research focuses on four core dimensions of intrinsic motivation: autonomy, mastery, purpose, and recognition. These dimensions are assessed for their impact on various aspects of bank performance including productivity, efficiency, and customer satisfaction. The findings reveal a significant positive relationship between intrinsic motivators and performance of banks, suggesting that non-financial, internal drivers of behavior play a crucial role in boosting productivity in the Ethiopian banking sector. These results have important implications for bank managers and human resource professionals seeking to enhance organizational performance by fostering a more intrinsically motivated workforce.
Intrinsic Motivation, Performance of Banks, Ethiopian Banks, Ethiopian Context, Autonomy, Recognition, and Banking Sector
ETHIOPIA'S EXCHANGE RATE LIBERALIZATION: OPPORTUNITIES, CHALLENGES, AND FUTURE PATHWAYS
Ethiopia’s recent exchange rate liberalization marks a significant step towards economic reform, aimed at aligning the foreign exchange market with financial and economic stability. This paper explores the multifaceted impact of the reform, highlighting both the emerging opportunities and the associated challenges. It examines how this liberalization affects the banking system, addressing the knowledge gap regarding its effectiveness and unintended consequences. The research seeks to identify pathways for sustaining the benefits of liberalization while mitigating its challenges to foster long-term financial stability. A qualitative case-based approach and descriptive data analysis is used, supported by recent data from Ethiopia's financial sector. The reform has produced notable positive outcomes. Most significantly, it has substantially narrowed the gap between official and parallel market exchange rates, curbing the prevalence of black-market currency trade. This convergence has encouraged increased foreign currency inflows through formal banking channels, thereby improving banks’ access to foreign exchange. Additionally, the policy has created windfall income for banks and depositors with foreign currency accounts, as well as boosted formal remittances. The removal of surrender requirements for incoming forex and improved allocation mechanisms have further empowered financial institutions to act as competitive intermediaries in the foreign exchange market. Some banks, particularly those with net positive foreign currency asset positions, have reported strong valuation gains in the immediate aftermath of the reform. Despite these gains, the reform has unveiled critical challenges. One of the most pressing issues has been the intensification of inflationary pressures, which pose a threat to macroeconomic stability. The liberalization has also exacerbated the country’s external debt burden. Institutions holding greater foreign currency liabilities than assets faced sharp valuation losses overnight, raising concerns about exchange rate risk management and institutional preparedness. Moreover, inconsistent policy implementation and inadequate technical training among banking staff have further amplified systemic risk. The findings suggest that while the liberalization is a progressive step toward a market-based and transparent foreign exchange system, its success hinges on strategic sequencing, institutional readiness, and policy coherence. The paper recommends targeted capacity-building initiatives across the banking sector to enhance technical competence and exchange rate risk management. Coordinated fiscal measures will be necessary to offset inflationary shocks, and public communication—especially with the Ethiopian diaspora—should be strengthened to build trust and support for the reform. In conclusion, Ethiopia’s exchange rate liberalization offers both significant opportunities and complex challenges. Effective management of this transition, through calibrated policy and institutional resilience, will determine the long-term success of the reform and its role in the country’s journey toward sustainable economic development.
Exchange Rate Liberalization, Foreign Currency Market, Macroeconomic Reform, Inflation, Banking Sector, Ethiopia
EXPLORING ALTERNATIVE LIVELIHOODS: PATHWAYS TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT FOR THE RELOCATED MINING COMMUNITIES OF MABBEN
The pursuit of sustainable development in the face of environmental degradation, economic uncertainty and social inequality necessitates the exploration of alternative livelihoods. Alternative livelihood programmes have been adopted as a different form of creating a means of support for people who have been deprived of their original means of livelihood as a result of an economic, social and environmental activities by either a corporate entity or government corporations or government regulations/laws. Some of these activities like in the case of the iron-ore rich MABBEN communities in the northern province of Sierra Leone, communities were relocated from their original ancestral settlements by a largescale mining company for economic or corporate reasons to the company. Alternative livelihood programmes have been seen as a viable option for underprivilege people, however, despite the enormous and increasing importance of alternative livelihood programmes in the mining industry in Sierra Leone especially in the Iron-ore rich MABBEN communities, little studies have been conducted to assess the real impacts on the inhabitants of the relocated communities of MABBEN. This paper explores the impacts of alternative livelihood programmes and its sustainability on the relocated communities. It also examines the potential of alternative livelihoods to promote economic diversification, reduce vulnerability, and enhance well-being. Various literatures were reviewed based on the objective of the study. The method employed in this study is mixed method in which primary and secondary data were collected, interviews and focused group discussions were scheduled to collect data from inhabitants of the relocated communities as well as other key stakeholders out of the communities. The findings suggest that alternative livelihood programmes were done for the relocated communities but they were not sustainable and could not foster economic resilience. Other findings revealed that the alternative livelihood programmes in the area of Agriculture, water and sanitation are inadequate and beneficiaries are generally not satisfied. Also, the beneficiaries indicated that adequate jobs as a form of alternative livelihood programmes as well as entrepreneurship is highly preferable. Beneficiaries also recounted the opportunities that the CDAP (Community development action plan) programme comes with if it is redesigned to enhance sustainability. The major challenge encountered by development partners and companies in implementing alternative livelihood programmes was minimal cooperation from stakeholders. Based on the findings, it was recommended that the indigenous livelihood strategies be built on to enhance cultural sustainability. The paper also provides insights on the need to consolidate the current collaboration and redesign and broaden the scope of the current alternative livelihood programmes to fit the need of the communities and enhance sustainability. Despite the major challenges that the study revealed, the study recommends that continuous community engagement can minimize the implementation gaps that exists between the community and implementing partners.
Alternative livelihood, cultural sustainability, Economic diversification, social inequality, Relocated Community
EXPLORING EFFECTIVE AND CONTINUOUS PHARMACEUTICALS SUPPLY CHAIN SYSTEM FOR DEVELOPING SOUTH, A CASE OF ETHIOPIA
Pharmaceuticals supply Chain Management seems global challenge due to several controllable, and uncontrollable factors, with higher magnitude in Global South. Several studies and research have been promoting various strategies, which are sought to be solving these real problems. However, the effects of implementing these proposed actions seems invisible, if visible, are very minimal. Therefore, this study seeks to explore available pharmaceuticals supply chain systems and recommend effective alternative PSCM system which ensures continuity of service delivery for the foreseeable future. The study area is selected purposively considering its size, geographic location, demographic and civilization status, level of development in infrastructure and technological literacy. The research employed survey, observation, and FGD as data collection method; extensive review of related materials, research works and, facilitated validation sessions to triangulate data for ensuring reliability and dependability. Statistical data were analysed horizontally and temporally on top of conducting situation analyses in the industry and selected study object: i.e., Ethiopian Pharmaceuticals Supply Service(EPSS), which is organized and structured to deliver medical supplies and pharmaceuticals, theoretically, to all public health facilities in the most populus African country from its 20 hubs and head quarter based in Addis Ababa, following right-based equitable planning as a public service delivery entity. Moreover, such entities are found to be used as market shaping tools by states. Per the observation, level of development of these countries and global factors are responsible for such a vicious circle of challenges. Thus, this study suggests that the challenges need to be detailed and addressed systemically in a coordinated manner, by identifying bottle necks and de-bottlenecking them. Based on this study, it is observed that there is adequate inherent potential to design and implement effective PSCM system that could last long while rendering the required level of service effectively. To this end, it is suggested that a well-designed, sufficiently independent, business oriented and yet state-owned, adequately resourced, clearly mandated, technologically leveraged, stakeholders-engaged, economically competent organ may be established for developing countries, to ensure sustainable, equitable and acceptable supply of health sector needed commodities, which includes but not limited to, Pharmaceuticals, medical supplies, and medical equipment and related technologies. This study also would pave opportunities for systematic evaluation and selection of situationally aligned mode of PSCM system.
ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF MULTIDIMENSIONAL POVERTY ON YOUTH ACCESS TO AND SATISFACTION WITH HEALTH SERVICES IN ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA
Multidimensional poverty marked by overlapping deprivations in education, income, health, housing, and access to basic services continues to affect youth well-being in urban Ethiopia. This study investigates the impact of multidimensional poverty on youth access to and satisfaction with health services in Addis Ababa. A mixed-methods research design was employed, involving structured questionnaires administered to 315 youth across 22 woredas, complemented by qualitative interviews. Descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression were used for quantitative analysis, while thematic analysis was applied to qualitative data. The regression results revealed that income, employment status, and health condition had statistically significant negative effects on health service access. Satisfaction was significantly influenced by affordability, provider attitude, and waiting time. Other variables such as household size, access to health information, and dependency ratio also played notable roles. The findings highlighted systemic challenges such as poor service quality, limited privacy, and a lack of youth-friendly services in public healthcare institutions. These findings underscore that multidimensional poverty not only limits physical access to healthcare but also undermines the quality of youth experiences within the system. The study concludes that targeted interventions addressing youth unemployment, low income, and poor housing conditions are vital. Therefore, coordinated policy interventions focusing on youth employment, education, housing, and health system responsiveness are essential to improve health outcomes. Enhancing service affordability, quality, and youth-centered care practices is vital for making healthcare more inclusive and effective for young people in urban Ethiopia.
Multidimensional poverty, youth access to health services, satisfaction with health services, Addis Ababa
STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE EFFICIENCY OF PERMIT-TO-WORK DURING SHUTDOWN: CASE STUDY OF SELECTED MIDSTREAM GAS COMPANIES IN WESTERN GHANA
This study investigates strategies to improve the efficiency of traditional paper-based permit-to-work (tPTW) systems. The administrative dimension of the permit-to-work (PTW) system was explored to identify various gaps such as delays and errors by understanding the limitations and the various ways to improve the efficiency of the paper-based PTW of selected midstream gas companies in Western Ghana between the periods of 2023-2024. The study centered on a qualitative exploratory case study design using primary data through (Lim, 2024). Purposive sampling was used for expert opinions from employees and contractors from diverse fields of the midstream gas sector through interviews and survey (Denieffe, 2020). Data was analyzed to identify patterns and practical improvement opportunities. Findings highlight ineffectiveness in the current tPTW including delays, human error, inadequate risk assessments, and administrative gaps. Research findings from 63 key participants highlighted areas for improvement for PTW infrastructure, PTW processing, PTW system integration, human resource, non-compliance and complementary electronic PTW system through capacity building for hybrid work strategies and digital upskilling to improve the efficiency of the PTW system during shutdown maintenance periods. Ultimately, the study discovered that there is always room for improvement for the PTW system fusing Demings Plan-Do-Check-Act Model, Ishikawa fishbone model and Nadler-Tushman Congruence Model for the proposed operational framework to identify the challenges and opportunities using lessons learned for continuous improvement (Ando, 2023; Isniah, 2020). These findings provide actionable insights for oil and gas companies seeking to strengthen occupational safety during critical shutdown operations.
Oil and Gas, Midstream Gas Sector, Permit-To-Work, PTW, Shutdown, AI, Process Improvement, Safety Management