Studies in Science of Science | ISSN: 1003-2053
Studies in Science of Science is a premier international journal dedicated to advancing scientific research and innovation. Our publication features cutting-edge studies in science, technology policy, and technology management, offering valuable theoretical insights, research papers, survey reports, and case studies. With a focus on promoting innovation, fostering academic exchanges, and driving technology development, our journal serves as a platform for sharing knowledge and advancing scientific discourse. In addition to our main sections covering scientific theory, technology development strategy, and policy, we also feature columns on technology management, book reviews, academic trends, and more. Join us in exploring the forefront of scientific inquiry and shaping the future of technology.
DESIGN, FORMULATION AND EVALUATION TRANSDERMAL BI-LAYERED PATCH OF THIOCOLCHICOSIDE
Transdermal drug delivery is defined as delivering of drug through skin a sustained or controlled rate to systemic circulation. Thiocolchicoside is used in the treatment of rheumatic and muscle pains Thiocolchicoside is formulated as transdermal patch because it is more effective at site of action and due to lack of oral bioavailability that is only 25% of administered dose. The main objective of this study is to deliver the drug in transdermal route at sustained manner for span 24 hours from this the frequency of administration will decrease to single transdermal patch per day from 2 to 4 tablets a day. In this study, Transdermal Bi-layered patch of Thiocolchicoside was prepared by using carboxymethyl cellulose sodium, Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose E5, E10 and K 100 M as film forming polymers at different ratios like 1:1,1:2,2:1, Propylene glycol as plasticizer and Tween-80 as permeation Enhancer and Methanol and Di chloro methane are used as casting solvents at 1:1 ratio. Finally formulation F14 is best formulation which shows our desired results that is to release thiocolchicoside dose of 4 mg into systemic circulation in a sustained manner for a span of 24 hours. However, the in vivo permeation studies and invitro permeation studies should be carried out for better understanding.
Thiocolchicoside, carboxymethyl cellulose sodium, Tween-80, propylene glycol, modified Franz diffusion cell, surface area
Copyright (c) -1 Studies in Science of Science | ISSN: 1003-2053
GREENWASHING IN EMERGING ECONOMIES: HOW CONSUMERS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES RESPOND TO MISLEADING SUSTAINABILITY CLAIMS
We reviewed recent peer-reviewed literature to explore how greenwashing manifests and how consumers in emerging economies perceive and respond to misleading sustainability claims. Using a sample of 25 reviewed articles, we developed a multi-dimensional typology of greenwashing, spanning vague advertising and executional cues, weak or self-issued ecolabels, selective disclosure, carbon offsetting, net-zero rhetoric, spatial fixes, and supply chain window dressing, and linked these tactics to consumer outcomes. Findings show that perceived greenwashing elevates scepticism and perceived risk, erodes green trust and brand attachment, lowers willingness to pay and purchase intention, and fuels negative green word-of-mouth, yet relational capital, concrete ethical cues, sectoral norms, and consumer knowledge can buffer or complicate these effects. Greenwashing in emerging markets is a systemic governance problem requiring stronger verification, label transparency, auditor accountability, and paired consumer education and verification mechanisms to shift incentives from symbolic signalling to substantive environmental action.
Greenwashing, Consumer Scepticism, Ecolabel Credibility, Sustainability Claims, Green Marketing Ethics
PRINCIPALS' LEADERSHIP ROLES AND SCHOOL EFFECTIVENESS: LESSONS FOR STRENGTHEN GOVERNMENT SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA
The purpose of this study was to examine the leadership roles of principals that effectively enhance school effectiveness in government secondary schools in southern Ethiopia. The researchers employed a mixed-method research design in which the researchers randomly selected 364 teachers. Along with 60 vice-principals and 10 principal leaders who were included purposefully. A total 424 participants contributed survey data, while 15 principals participated in interviews. The results indicated that the three dimensions of principal leadership roles were at a low-level implemented and school effectiveness rated as moderate. However, the study found a positive and moderate relationship between the leadership dimensions and school effectiveness. Specifically, defining the school vision had a correlation of r = .556, managing instructional programs had r = .649, and promoting school climate had r = .572. These findings suggest that the successful implementation of principals’ leadership roles fosters a culture that significantly contributes to school effectiveness, ultimately enhancing student performance.
Principals, Leadership roles, Secondary schools, School effectiveness, Southern Ethiopia
NATURAL PRODUCT–DRUG COMBINATIONS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY: FROM BENCH TO BEDSIDE
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the most common form of end-stage renal disease worldwide, where it is estimated that 30 per cent of all people with diabetes mellitus have nephropathy. Although there have been some important progresses in knowledge about the pathophysiology of diabetic nephropathy, the existing treatment options are mainly confined to renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) blockage using angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), which have incomplete nephroprotective effects. The multifactorial and complex structure of the DN pathogenesis. It has been observed that the potential adjunctive therapy of natural products has distinct modes of action, including TLR4/NF-KB, Nrf2/Keap1 antioxidant response, and TGF-B/Smad-inhibitions, complementing the conventional pharmaceutical interventions. Recent findings indicate that bioactive compounds like quercetin, curcumin, resveratrol, and multi-component traditional medicine formulations have synergistic nephroprotective effects when used with conventional therapies and produce better effects in reducing proteinuria, preserving eGFR, and preventing renal fibrosis than monotherapy strategies do. Clinical trials show superior therapeutic potential and safer side effects, and new technologies, such as nanotechnology-based targeted delivery systems and artificial intelligence-based combination optimization, provide unprecedented possibilities of application in precision medicine. This syntactic survey looks at the mechanistic rationale behind natural product-drug combinations, the existing clinical evidence, and the future directions of translating such promising synergies into evidence-based clinical practice to achieve better DN management results.
Nephropathy diabetes patients, natural products, precise medicine, synergistic mechanisms
HINDRANCES TO THE IMPLEMENTATION OF INTEGRATED INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE INTO THE SECONDARY SCHOOL CURRICULA OF THE SHEGER CITY ADMINISTRATION, ETHIOPIA: IMPLICATION FOR POLICY INPUTS
This study explores the challenges faced in the implementation of Integrated Indigenous Knowledge within Secondary school curriculum, specifically in the Sheger City Administration of Ethiopia. The implementation of Indigenous Knowledge into the curriculum is a crucial step toward preserving cultural practices and enhancing educational relevance. The study employed a qualitative case study and used semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions to gather in-depth insights from school teachers and students in the implementation of integrated indigenous knowledge. The findings identify barriers associated with cultural, social, pedagogical, institutional, and technological issues. Specifically, western cultural influences, inappropriate teachers’ training, centrally prepared inflexible curriculum, lack of advocacy, inadequate technological infrastructure, and mismatch between the nature of Indigenous knowledge and technological tools are the barriers to the implementation of Indigenous knowledge. The research suggests continuous revision of curriculum frameworks, and teacher training to address gaps through flexible curriculum structure and community partnerships with Indigenous elders in implementing indigenous knowledge. It calls for improving educational technology and digitalizing culturally responsive resources to enhance students’ learning.
Culturally responsive education, Educational policy inputs, Implementation barriers, Indigenous knowledge implementation, Secondary school curriculum
CONTEXT-BASED MATHEMATICAL MODELING AS A STRATEGY FOR IMPROVINGPROBLEM SOLVING SKILLS IN TRIGONOMETRY
In today's changing world where scientific and mathematical reasoning is essential for informed decision-making, many secondary school students struggle with trigonometric problem-solving, creating barriers to STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) careers. This study aimed to investigate the effect of context-based mathematical modeling strategy on secondary school students’ problem-solving skills in trigonometry. The study employed a quasi-experimental design, and involved 97 Grade 10 students from two public secondary schools, using a mixed-methods framework for a comprehensive analysis. Quantitative data from pre- and post-intervention tests were analyzed using t-test and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), controlling for baseline abilities. Qualitatively, students' written work was examined through Pólya’s problem-solving framework, supplemented with interviews to understand their cognitive processes. The results revealed a statistically significant and more improvement in problem-solving in the treatment group compared to the comparison group. Therefore, the context-based mathematical modeling strategy fundamentally improved how students thought and solve about and applied trigonometry, shifting their focus from mere computation to connecting abstract concepts to real-life situations in problem solving process.
Trigonometry classroom teaching; Trigonometry minds and methods in problem-solving; Trigonometry competition and other challenging activities; Secondary school
ASSESSMENT OF NEWLY RECORDED FRESHWATER FISHES FROM NORTHEAST INDIA WITH NOTES ON THEIR DISTRIBUTION: A REVIEW
This evaluation affords a comprehensive assessment of the ichthyofaunal range in Northeast India, a vicinity diagnosed as part of the Eastern Himalayas biodiversity hotspot, renowned for its rich aquatic biodiversity. The vicinity has long attracted ichthyologists and taxonomists, resulting in varying estimates of fish species variety. Via synthesizing statistics from previous research, this evaluation documents a total of 55 fish species belonging to eleven families and four orders. The conservation fame of those species has been evaluated based on FishBase and IUCN red listing categories, along with near threatened, vulnerable, least concern, not listed, not evaluated, and not assessed. This compilation affords a baseline for destiny research and conservation planning in the area. Future studies should examine these species' ecological roles in their habitats and how environmental changes affect their populations. Additionally, collaborative efforts among researchers and conservationists will be crucial to implement effective management strategies aimed at preserving this biodiversity.
Ichthyofaunal diversity, Northeast India, Eastern Himalayas, IUCN Red List, Fishbase
ANALYSIS OF OUT OF SPECIFICATION CAUSES IN INDIAN PHARMA
Objectives: This research explores the underlying reasons behind Out of Specification (OOS) findings in Indian pharmaceutical companies by reviewing the responses gathered through a planned questionnaire. Methodology: The responses summarized in Tables 1a, 1b, and 1c revealed recurring challenges such as inconsistent manufacturing practices, inadequate process control, insufficient analytical verification, and limited workforce expertise. A mixed-method approach was used, combining qualitative feedback with descriptive analysis. Data were collected using a Google Forms questionnaire shared with professionals from manufacturing and quality functions. All responses were organized and examined through a comparative thematic analysis to identify trends and contributing causes. Results: Findings showed that pressure to meet production timelines sometimes resulted in shortcuts, leading to product quality failures. Several respondents acknowledged weaknesses in investigation practices, including incomplete assessments and failure to appropriately justify or record failing results. Limited training and unclear procedural guidance were also identified as significant barriers to effective OOS management. Conclusion: The study highlights the need for structured procedures, preventive controls, trained personnel, and strong documentation to ensure consistent compliance. A systematic approach supported by continuous monitoring and accountability may significantly reduce OOS occurrences and enhance regulatory alignment.
Corrective and Preventive Actions, Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP), Out of Specification, Quality Control, Standard Operating Procedure, United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA)
UNIVERSITY-STAKEHOLDERS LINKAGE AND INVOLVEMENT IN THE STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT PRACTICE VERSUS UNIVERSITY’S PERFORMANCE IN ETHIOPIA
Background: The study provides directions to university’s leaders on how to strengthen university-stakeholder linkage and involvement in strategic management practices of vision, mission, goals and values. Purpose: The study was aimed at examining university-stakeholder relationships and involvement in strategic management practices versus improving university's performance. Methodology: The study employed a sequential explanatory mixed design. The data were collected using self-constructed and pilot tested surveys, unstructured interview and policy document reviews. Three public research universities were selected from 8 universities using simple random sampling techniques. The researchers collected data from a total of 234 respondents selected using purposive sampling techniques and simple random sampling techniques. The data were analyzed quantitatively using descriptive and inferential statistics (percentage, mean, correlation, one-way ANOVA and multiple regression). The qualitative data was thematically organized and narrated. Results: The findings showed that there were weak and moderate positive correlation between stakeholder involvement into strategic management practices and university performance which ranges from 0.357 to 0.522. As the strengths of stakeholder’s involvement increases, the strengths of university performance tend to increase. The relationship between stakeholders influences the process or the process influences the stakeholders, and university performance. The combination of the three stakeholders’ involvement (IEN, EEN & SFI) explained an outcome variance of R2 = 0.299. The predictive variables accounted for 29.9% of the outcome variance indicating that other variables account for 70.1% of university performance. Recommendations: The researchers suggested that public research universities should participate different proactive stakeholders in strategic management and decision-making processes and improve university’s performances.
Public research universities, university-stakeholder linkage, stakeholder involvement, university performance
ASSESSING TWO ISPAGHULA VARIETIES (PLANTAGO OVATA FORSSK.) FOR ITS KARYOTYPE SYMMETRY/ASYMMETRY USING CYTOLOGICAL MARKER CENTROMERE LOCATION AND SIZE OF CHROMOSOMES
Plantago ovata varieties namely, mayuri and niharika seeds material were germinated in the laboratory for root tips (2-3 cm). Somatic root tip cells were processed through conventional 2% acetocarmine staining squash technique for karyotype and photomicrograph was captured. Somatic chromosome number for both was counted 2n=2x=8. karyotype assessment, based on chromosome length and size, found more symmetric in P. ovata var. mayuri (inter chromosomal asymmetry). karyotype assessment estimated more inconsistent centromeric position for P. ovata var. niharika (intrachromosomal asymmetry). Inconsistent centromere position over chromosome length causes sub-telocentric or telocentric chromosomes which increase the asymmetry. karyotype asymmetry was classified as 2A for both the Ispaghula varieties (Stebbins classification).
DIGITAL GREENWASHING IN SUSTAINABLE SUPPLY CHAINS: IMPACT ON CONSUMER TRUST AND PURCHASE INTENTIONS
This paper investigates the distribution of misleading and unsubstantiated environmental claims through digital supply chains and their potential impact on consumer trust and purchasing decisions in online marketplaces. It develops a framework of theorizing linking digital greenwashing practices, patterns of information diffusion, and consumer decision-making. Design/methodology/approach through a systematic literature synthesis, we blend insights from information systems, consumer behavior, supply chain management, and organizational theory. Our framework uses signaling theory, information asymmetry theory, and trust transfer theory to chronicle the diffusion of sustainability misinformation through digital ecosystems. Findings we have highlighted four key mechanisms of erosion of trust through digital greenwashing: platform amplification, algorithmic biases, manipulation of social proof, and false transparency. The misleading claims thus influence the purchase intention through consumer skepticism, which is in turn moderated by digital literacy, verification signals, and supply chain visibility. The e-commerce platforms further fuel misinformation with an engagement-oriented rather than accuracy-oriented approach. Originality/value three contributions are made through this research: bridging supply chain sustainability with digital misinformation studies; extending a multi-level framework explaining how organizational deception is scaled through digital infrastructure; and providing directions for platform designers, regulators, and practitioners to tackle greenwashing in complex digital supply networks. Research limitations/implications as conceptual work, our propositions require empirical testing. The testing needs to be conducted in different contexts, product categories, and platforms through mixed-methods approaches.
Digital greenwashing, Sustainability misinformation, Online consumer trust, Supply chain transparency, E-commerce platforms, green purchase behavior
DIETARY FLAVONOIDS: SOURCE, ANTI-OXIDANT AND ANTI-CANCER POTENTIALS
Secondary metabolites are physiologically active plant products. Flavonoids are largest and commonest dietary natural polyphenolic secondary compounds synthesized by phenylpropanoid pathway. Flavonoids are commonly available bioactive antioxidants present in fruits, vegetables and beverages. These are associated with numerous biological, physiological activities, potential health benefits and wide medicinal properties associated with flavonoids. Flavonoids provide their antioxidant effect through interaction with cellular enzyme systems. Both the intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms of apoptosis can be triggered by flavonoids. Flavonoids stimulate apoptosis, which implies the activation of caspases, the primary operators of cell death, hence promoting anticancer action. Common dietary flavonoid sources has been described here with concentration of characteristics flavonoid classes.
Flavonoid, Quercetin, Kaempferol, Anti-oxidant, Anti-cancer
HISTORY AS TERATOLOGY: THE CASE OF DEN, BY RICHARD CORBEN
With this new pairing, one more within the extensive field of historiology, and following in the footsteps of Ethan Kleinberg, specifically in his theoretical “History as Fantology”, we present theoretically and practically (the case of Den) what has already been tested in our trilogy entitled The Culture of Death. Broadly speaking, Historiology as Teratology analyzes, understands and explains history through conceptual lenses, chosen from among many other possible ones, lenses that are largely metaphorical; with this last election we are indebted, especially to Mijaíl Bajtín, Gilbert Durand, Carl Jung, René Girard, Hans Blumenberg and Jacques Lacan. Likewise, our main analytical tool is “clioanalysis”, or psycho-mytho-historical hermeneutics
history, historiology, teratology, metaphor, clioanalysis
ROLE OF LEONURINE IN IGA NEPHROPATHY: A MECHANISTIC INSIGHT THROUGH ANIMAL MODEL
In this study, we explored how the plant-derived alkaloid leonurine influences the progression of inflammation and fibrosis in a rat model of IgA nephropathy (IgAN), with particular emphasis on its impact on the TGF-β/SMAD signaling cascade. Thirty Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into three groups—normal controls, IgAN-induced animals, and a treatment set. IgAN was produced through repeated administration of bovine serum albumin, carbon tetrachloride, and lipopolysaccharides, and the success of model induction was validated through histological assessments showing increased glomerular IgA accumulation and upregulated fibrotic markers (TGF-β, SMAD3, α-SMA). After the disease model was established, the treatment group was given oxymatrine. Notable improvements in renal parameters were then seen. The reduced excretion of urine proteins and decreased red blood cell counts of these rats at the end of the tenth week already indicated that kidney damage had been reduced. While SGOT and SGPT remained constant, biochemical analysis also revealed decreased levels of serum creatinine, BUN, and ALB, demonstrating that this intervention protected the kidneys without appreciable hepatic strain. These results were corroborated in histopathological analyses showing better preservation of glomerular structure in the treated rats compared with the IgAN animals. Profibrotic mediators such as TGF-β, SMAD3, and α-SMA were drastically reduced by ELISA and immunofluorescence profiling, suggesting that leonurine aids in preventing the fibrotic drive linked to EMT. By the end of the tenth week, these animals manifested lower urinary protein excretion and less frequent urinary red blood cells, indicating mitigation of kidney damage. Serum creatinine, BUN, and ALB were also reduced, while there was no change in SGOT and SGPT, indicating that renal protection had been achieved without significant hepatic stress. Histopathological findings further support such observations: the glomerular structure was better preserved in treated rats when compared to IgAN animals. ELISA and immunofluorescence revealed that profibrotic mediators, namely TGF-β, SMAD3, and α-SMA, were significantly reduced, indicating the interference of leonurine with the fibrotic drive related to epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Overall, the results suggest that leonurine could slow IgAN progression by tempering the TGF-β/SMAD pathway and restricting pathological EMT and fibrosis. While the findings are promising, extended studies are required to clarify long-term safety and therapeutic potential.
Leonurine Fibrosis, Chronic Kidney disease, Inflammation. Mesangium
POLYMORPHISM OF HASSALL’S CORPUSCLES IN HUMAN FETAL THYMUS: A MORPHOLOGICAL AND HISTOLOGICAL ANALYSIS IN VARIOUS GESTATIONAL AGE GROUPS
Background: Hassall’s corpuscles (HCs) are distinctive structures within the thymic medulla formed by concentric epithelial reticular cells. Their morphology and number vary significantly during fetal development, reflecting thymic maturation. Aim: To analyze the polymorphism of Hassall’s corpuscles in human fetal thymus across three gestational age groups and correlate morphological changes with thymic development. Material and Methods: Sixteen human fetuses aged 11–40 weeks were grouped into: Group I (11-20 weeks), Group II (21–30 weeks), and Group III (31–40 weeks). Thymuses were dissected following standard dissection norms, weighed, and evaluated histologically using H&E staining. Number, diameter, and morphological types of HCs were recorded. Polymorphism was classified as juvenile, premature, mature, advanced, solid, and cystic. Statistical analysis was performed using Student’s t‑test and Chi-square test. Results: Significant increases were observed in number and diameter of HCs with advancing gestational age (p<0.001). Juvenile HCs predominated in Group I , while advanced types were maximal in Group III. Cystic transformation increased steeply in late gestation, reaching 90% in Group III. Conclusion: Hassall’s corpuscles exhibit marked polymorphism during fetal development, with rapid maturation and cystic transformation after 30 weeks of gestation. Their diversity reflects progressive epithelial differentiation and thymic immunological maturation.
fetal thymus, gestational age, Hassall’s corpuscles, medullary epithelium, thymic development, polymorphism
CIRCULAR SUPPLY CHAIN ORCHESTRATION: A DYNAMIC CAPABILITIES FRAMEWORK FOR INTERNATIONAL LOGISTICS
Purpose – The transition from linear to circular economy models in international logistics remains fragmented despite growing sustainability imperatives. This viewpoint examines how dynamic capabilities theory can provide a comprehensive framework for orchestrating circular supply chains across global networks, addressing the critical gap between circular economy principles and practical implementation in international logistics operations. Design/methodology/approach – This conceptual viewpoint synthesizes emerging trends in circular economy implementation, dynamic capabilities theory, and international logistics management. The analysis draws upon current industry transformations, regulatory developments, and theoretical frameworks to propose an integrated orchestration model for circular supply chain management in global contexts. Findings – Circular supply chain orchestration requires a fundamental reimagining of dynamic capabilities across perceiving, capturing, and evolving dimensions. The framework reveals that successful circular implementation depends on developing adaptive capabilities for resource orchestration, stakeholder coordination, and value network reconfiguration. International logistics providers must cultivate new competencies in reverse logistics, materials recovery, and cross-border collaboration to enable circular material flows. Originality – This viewpoint introduces the first comprehensive framework integrating dynamic capabilities theory with circular supply chain orchestration specifically for international logistics contexts. It establishes a novel theoretical foundation for understanding how organizations can systematically develop the capabilities needed to transition from linear to circular logistics models while navigating the intricacies of global operations.
Circular economy, Dynamic capabilities, Supply chain orchestration, international logistics, Sustainability, Global distribution networks, Strategic transformation
CONTRIBUTION OF STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT PATHS AND PRACTICES TO PUBLIC RESEARCH UNIVERSITY’S PERFORMANCE IN ETHIOPIA: BRIDGING POLICY-PRACTICE GAPS
The study informs institutional policy makers and practitioners the impacts of realistic strategic management paths and practices on university performance. Purpose: the main purpose of the study was to bridge the policy-practice gaps through connecting strategic management practices to university performance (TLP, RDP & CSP). Methodology: The study employed a sequential explanatory mixed design. The data were collected from primary sources using self-constructed and pilot tested surveys and unstructured interview. The secondary sources of data were policy documents. Three public research universities were selected from 8 universities using simple random sampling technique. The researchers collected data from 234 respondents selected using purposive sampling technique and simple random sampling techniques. The data were analyzed quantitatively using descriptive and inferential statistics (percentage, Pearson moment product correlation and regression). The qualitative data were thematically organized and narrated. Results: The findings showed that there were weak and moderate positive correlation between the strategic management practices and university performance ranged from 0.306 to 0.442. The direction of correlation showed that as the strengths of strategic management practices increase, the strengths of university performance also increases. While IEA & SIF practice, contribute much, the practices of VID, EEA, and SIM &SEV variables contributed less to UP. However, the combination of all strategic management practices explained a moderately strong variance (R2 = 0.623). The predictive variables accounted for 62.3%, indicating that the other variables accounts for 37.8% to university performance. Recommendations: The researchers suggested that public research universities should excel in research development, teaching and learning Excellency and need-based community services to bridge policy-practice gaps.
Public research universities, strategic management paths and practices, contributions, university performance
ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION APPROACH FOR SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT CAPABILITIES AT SECONDARY SCHOOLS OF ETHIOPIA
The pursuit of human progress has led to major environmental challenges, including climate change, pollution, land degradation, soil erosion, biodiversity loss, and species endangerment. In response, international conferences have underscored the vital role of Environmental Education in fostering environmental awareness, responsibility, and sustainable action. This study examined how an integrated approach education about, in, and for the environment can strengthen students’ sustainable environmental management skills in the study area. Using a qualitative phenomenological design, data were gathered through semi-structured interviews with seven Grade 9 Geography teachers and group discussions with eight students from eight purposively selected secondary schools, and were analyzed through transcription, coding, categorization, and thematization. Findings from both teachers and students show that inadequate training on the tri-fold Environmental Education approach results in teaching that remains largely theoretical, with limited integration of the three Environmental Education dimensions, minimal student participation in practical environmental activities, and insufficient teacher preparedness to effectively implement integrated Environmental Education. The study recommends targeted teacher training, increased opportunities for experiential learning, and a more holistic incorporation of Environmental Education principles into the curriculum to enhance learning outcomes and promote sustainable environmental management within and beyond school settings.
Environmental Education, Approach of Environmental Education, Environmental Management, Sustainable Environment and Capabilities
PYRAZOLE ANALOGUES: SYNTHESIS AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY SCREENING
The novel series of 1,5-disubstituted pyrazole derivatives, particularly the aryl 5-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1-(substituted phenyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acids, were synthesized through a systematic and efficient synthetic route. The structural identity and purity of all compounds were confirmed using a combination of spectroscopic techniques, including IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and mass spectrometry, ensuring reliable characterization of the newly prepared molecules. Biological screening was carried out to explore the antimicrobial potential of these derivatives. The antibacterial activity was tested against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pyogenes, Klebsiella terrigena, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. In addition, the antifungal efficacy was evaluated against clinically relevant fungal strains including Trichoderma viride, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus brasiliensis, and Candida albicans, using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) methods to determine their potency. The results revealed that most of the synthesized compounds showed noteworthy antimicrobial activity, with several derivatives exhibiting strong inhibitory effects against both bacterial and fungal organisms. The presence of the trifluoromethyl group and substituted phenyl moieties appears to contribute significantly to the observed biological activity, suggesting that further structural optimization may lead to even more potent analogues. Overall, these findings highlight the potential of the synthesized Pyrazole derivatives as promising candidates for future antimicrobial drug development.
Pyrazole derivatives, Antibacterial activity, Antifungal activity, MIC
RECENT ADVANCES IN MICROSPHERE FORMULATIONS
Traditional drug delivery systems have various drawbacks viz frequent dosing for medications with shorter half-lives in order to maintain the desired therapeutic drug plasma concentration. In addition, due to the need for frequent dosage, there are poor drug’s plasma concentration changes as a result of patient compliance. By gradually releasing the drug over a prolonged period of time, controlled drug delivery can maintain a steady drug plasma concentration, overcoming the drawbacks of traditional drug administration. By designing controlled drug delivery systems, the drug systemic bioavailability can be increased, improving its therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance. Among all the approaches, microspheres are more convenient as the drug is slowly released from the polymeric matrix and the polymers used are mostly biodegradable and possess no adverse effects. As a result, microspheres can be applied in a number of medical fields, including radiology, pulmonary, cardiology, diabetes, gynaecology, oncology, and vaccine therapy. The review paper mainly focuses on the different types of natural polymers, various methods of preparation techniques, their characterization and evaluation in microsphere formulation and applications.
Microspheres, Controlled Drug Delivery systems, Preparations and applications
Meta-Analysis on Employee Engagement in Public Banking Sector: A Comparative Study on Gen X, Y and Z
Employee engagement is a critical determinant of organizational success, particularly in the dynamic landscape of the public banking sector. As the engagement of employees helps in better customer satisfaction, Service quality, operational efficiency, employee retention, talent attraction, risk management and cost savings, the evaluation of the employee management is utmost important for the future. The study aims to deliver a comprehensive understanding of the influencing factors of employee engagement within public banks in India and to identify generational variations in the levels and drivers of engagement using Qualitative Meta analysis. This meta-analysis explores the nuances of employee engagement by examining the perspectives of three distinct generations – Generation X, Generation Y, and Generation Z. Credibility, Transferability, Dependability and Confirmability are the measures used for quality appraisal of the collected citations and Thematic Analysis has been performed and results are obtained. The result suggests that key factors influencing employee engagement in the public banking sector are organizational culture, leadership styles, work-life balance, technological integration, and career development opportunities and management strategies should be designed to accommodate the generation differences fosters engagement, enhances retention, and ensures organizational adaptability amidst demographic shifts in the banking sector.
Employee Engagement, Public Sector Banks, Thematic Analysis, Meta Analysis, Qualitative Analysis, Millennial, Generation x, Generation Y, Generation Z
ROLE OF HR OUTSOURCING IN ENHANCING ORGANIZATIONAL EFFICIENCY: INSIGHTS FROM VISAKHAPATNAM PORT AUTHORITY
Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine how HR outsourcing contributes to organizational efficiency within the Visakhapatnam Port Authority. It aims to assess the influence of various outsourced HR practices such as recruitment, payroll, HRIS, performance management, and employee welfare services on efficiency indicators. The study also seeks to identify the major challenges and risks associated with HR outsourcing in a public-sector port environment. Methodology: The study employed a descriptive and analytical research design using primary data collected from HR managers through a structured questionnaire. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was used to identify key risk dimensions associated with HR outsourcing. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was then applied to evaluate the direct and indirect effects of HR outsourcing on organizational efficiency. Findings: The findings reveal that HR outsourcing significantly enhances organizational efficiency by improving operational processes, reducing administrative burdens, and supporting better service delivery. Key HR functions such as HRIS and recruitment outsourcing were found to be highly influential in strengthening HR operations. The study also identified operational, regulatory, and communication-related risks that accompany outsourcing practices. Conclusion: The study concludes that HR outsourcing plays a meaningful role in improving organizational efficiency when effectively aligned with internal systems and supported by strong oversight mechanisms. Although outsourcing introduces certain risks, these can be managed through robust vendor coordination, compliance monitoring, and communication channels. The results emphasize the importance of adopting a structured outsourcing strategy to maximize operational benefits. Overall, the study supports the acceptance of the alternative hypotheses and confirms the significant relationship between HR outsourcing and organizational efficiency.
DEVELOPMENT AND OPTIMIZATION OF SOLID DISPERSION OF PROPOLIS
Propolisis mainly used as anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, antimicrobial, wound healing which was selected for the preparation of solid dispersion. However, poor aqueous solubility and low bioavailability restrict its therapeutic efficiency in various diseases. Hence it is required to improve the aqueous solubility and bioavailability of propolis to enhance its therapeutic efficiency. Solid dispersion is a pharmaceutical technology where one or more active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are dispersed in an inert carrier matrix, typically a polymer. This enhances the solubility and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs, leading improved therapeutic effects. Solid dispersion was made by solvent evaporation method by using PVP K30 and PVP as polymers. Solid dispersion were evaluated for solubility, FTIR, Percentage yield, Invitro drug release and DSC. The highest solubility was obtain for F6 solid dispersion which is 1.6times better then drug. FTIR shows the same peaks as of formulation of solid dispersion so no incompatibility issue with the excipients. The invitro release of pure drug was compared with formulation of solid dispersion and was found to be 81% and it shows the better release. Thus, Solid dispersion is a well-known approach for increasing the solubility and bioavailability of weakly water-soluble drugs. Therefore the best solid dispersion formulation of propolis is F6 formulation.
Solubility, bioavailability, solid dispersion, Propolis
EVALUATING IN-VITRO ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTICANCER POTENTIAL OF AN INDIGENOUS PLANT OF MEGHALAYA
Objective: A perennial herb of Meghalaya origin, Anemone rivularis Buch.- Ham. ex DC., belongs to the family Ranunculaceae, was traditionally used for the treatment of inflammation and cancer. This study aims to evaluate the in-vitro antioxidant and anticancer property of Anemone rivularis methanolic extract through free radical scavenging assays and anticancer activity against ovarian cancer cell line. Method: The previously dried leaves were processed for extraction by using maceration and hot percolation technique, followed by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl radical scavenging activity (DPPH), 2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging activity (ABTS),Total Flavonoid Content (TFC)and Total Phenolic Content (TPC), and cell viability by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay (MTT) and apoptosis study using flow cytometry analysis. Result: The results revealed that the plant is a high source of antioxidants as it showed very potent inhibition towards free radicals. The anticancer effect by MTT assay were evaluated on the viability of the human ovarian cell line (PA-1). The results showed that as the concentration of the extract increases, the percentage of cell viability of the PA-1 cell line decreases. Further apoptosis study using flow cytometry method revealed that methanolic extract dose dependently induced apoptosis in PA-1 cell. Methanolic extract treatment significantly promoted early apoptosis when compared with control. Conclusion: These results suggest that A. rivularis possess antioxidant and anticancer properties and thus justify the traditional use for the treatment of anticancer diseases. However, research on in-vivo methods along with toxicity study is recommended to validate the safety for society.
Anemone rivularis; Antioxidant; Anticancer; Extraction; Apoptosis
AI IN THE EDUCATION SECTOR: REDUCING ADMINISTRATIVE BURDEN TO IMPROVE WORK-LIFE BALANCE
The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the education sector has opened new avenues for streamlining administrative tasks, offering the potential to alleviate workload pressures and enhance the work-life balance of educators. This study investigates how AI-driven tools are perceived and utilized by educational professionals to reduce administrative burdens, and how such interventions influence their overall well-being and work-life integration. A structured survey was administered to a sample of 142 educators from diverse educational institutions, assessing awareness, usage, perceived effectiveness, and attitudes towards AI in administrative settings. Quantitative analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics, Spearman’s correlation, and Chi-square tests. Findings revealed that 100% of respondents were aware of AI applications, with the majority using them regularly for administrative tasks. Perceived effectiveness was high, with over 70% agreeing that AI reduced time and mental fatigue. A strong, statistically significant positive correlation (ρ = 0.867, p < 0.01) was found between perceived AI effectiveness and educators’ work-life balance, indicating that those who find AI beneficial experience better work-life integration. Chi-square tests showed no significant association between attitudes toward AI and demographic factors such as gender and type of institution, though a linear trend by gender suggested nuanced differences. The study provides data-driven insights to inform institutional strategies for AI adoption. that not only improve operational efficiency but also prioritize educator well-being.
Artificial Intelligence (AI), Education Sector, Administrative Tasks, Work-Life Balance, Perceived Effectiveness
ETHICAL AND LEGAL GOVERNANCE OF GENERATIVE AI IN SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH: POLICY IMPLICATIONS
Purpose: This systematic review examines the evolving landscape of ethical and legal governance frameworks for generative artificial intelligence (AI) in scientific research, analyzing current regulatory approaches and their policy implications across global jurisdictions. The study aims to identify key challenges, assess existing governance mechanisms, and provide evidence-based policy recommendations for responsible AI integration in research practices. Methods: A comprehensive systematic review was conducted using multiple databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and policy repositories. The search covered literature published between 2022-2025, focusing on peer-reviewed articles, policy documents, regulatory frameworks, and institutional guidelines. A total of 247 documents were initially identified, with 89 meeting inclusion criteria after screening. Thematic analysis was employed to categorize findings into regulatory frameworks, ethical principles, legal challenges, and policy recommendations. Results: The analysis reveals significant heterogeneity in governance approaches across jurisdictions, with the EU AI Act leading comprehensive regulatory efforts while other regions adopt sector-specific guidelines. Key challenges identified include: research integrity concerns (hallucinations, bias), intellectual property disputes, authorship attribution, data protection compliance, and environmental sustainability. Current frameworks inadequately address the dynamic nature of generative AI capabilities and fail to provide unified standards for scientific applications. Conclusions: Harmonized international governance frameworks are urgently needed to address the complex ethical and legal challenges posed by generative AI in scientific research. Policy recommendations include establishing mandatory disclosure requirements, developing AI literacy programs, creating specialized oversight bodies, and implementing adaptive regulatory mechanisms that can evolve with technological advancement.
Generative artificial intelligence, research integrity, AI governance, scientific ethics, policy frameworks
PREDICTIVE MODEL FOR EQUIPMENT MONITORING USING IOT SENSORS AND CLOUD-BASED AI
This project focuses on developing a predictive model for equipment monitoring using IoT sensors and cloud-based AI technologies. The primary objective is to enhance operational efficiency and reliability by leveraging real-time data from sensors to predict equipment failures and optimize maintenance schedules. The project involves selecting and integrating IoT sensors, collecting and preprocessing sensor data, and employing machine learning algorithms to build predictive models. These models are trained using historical data and deployed on AWS Cloud for continuous monitoring and predictive analytics. The project emphasizes the importance of data preprocessing, model selection, and evaluation to ensure accurate predictions. By integrating AWS Cloud AI capabilities such as AWS Lookout for Equipment, AWS IoT Greengrass, and AWS Lambda, the project aims to enable proactive maintenance strategies, reduce downtime, and improve overall equipment performance in industrial settings. Key steps include selecting appropriate IoT sensors, collecting and integrating data into AWS Cloud, preprocessing and engineering features for modeling, selecting and training predictive algorithms using AWS SageMaker, and deploying models for real-time inference. By leveraging AWS Cloud's robust infrastructure and AI capabilities, this initiative contributes to smarter industrial operations and improved decision-making in maintenance strategies.
AI technologies, AWS Cloud, IoT, sensors
NUTRITIONAL AND RHEOLOGICAL ENHANCEMENT OF PEANUT MILK YOGURT FORTIFIED WITH BROWNTOP (BRACHIARIA RAMOSA L.) MILLET STARCH, JACKFRUIT (ARTOCARPUS HETEROPHYLLUS L.) SEED AND APPLE (MALUS DOMESTICA L.) POWDER
Purpose: In response to the increasing demand for plant-based dairy alternatives, this study investigates the enhancement of peanut milk yogurt by fortifying it with browntop millet starch, jackfruit seeds and apple powder to improve its texture and nutritional profile. Methods: Formulations were optimized based on the preliminary trials of various compositional analyses. Results: Variant PYY comprising of 70% peanut milk, 10% each of browntop millet starch, jackfruit seed and apple powder was found to be the most preferred sample by the sensory panelists with 8.1±1.11 as the average overall acceptability score. It exhibited characteristic nutritional composition of 13.4 g/100 g fat, 6.4 g/100 g protein and 58.7 mg/100 g calcium content. Physico-chemical attributes revealed considerable similarity among the standard and other samples of fortified peanut yogurt. Conclusions: The combined fortification with functional ingredients not only supports the nutritional enhancement of the yogurt but also promotes improved gut health, anti-oxidant activity and weight management. Furthermore, the addition of millet starch prevented phase separation thereby improving its shelf-life and giving a desirable mouth feel.
Plant-based dairy, Functional, Gut health, Weight management, Shelf-life
LSTM/GRU-BASED TWO-STAGE MODEL FOR IDENTIFYING AND CLASSIFYING MALICIOUS BEHAVIORS IN BLOCKCHAIN TRANSACTIONS
With The Exponential Growth Of Bitcoin Transactions, Blockchain Platforms Face Increasing Risks From Malicious Activities Such As Money Laundering, Double-Spending, Sybil Attacks, And Fraudulent Schemes. While Existing Detection Mechanisms Can Differentiate Between Legitimate And Malicious Transactions, They Often Fail To Provide Fine-Grained Categorization Of The Specific Attack Types. To Address This Limitation, We Propose A Two-Stage Temporal Deep Learning Framework Leveraging Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) And Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) Networks. In The First Stage, Transaction Logs Are Processed As Sequential Patterns Derived From Hybrid Feature Selection Using Correlation Coefficient (CC) And Bray–Curtis Distance, Followed By Bootstrapped Data Augmentation. This Stage Performs Binary Classification, Effectively Distinguishing Legitimate Transactions From Malicious Ones. In The Second Stage, Only The Malicious Sequences Are Forwarded Into A Multi-Class Classifier, Where The Temporal Model Captures Sequential Dependencies And Behavioral Variations Across Accounts. The System Categorizes Malicious Activities Into Distinct Classes, Including Money Laundering, Double-Spending, Sybil, And Fraudulent Transactions. The Attention Mechanism Further Enhances Interpretability By Identifying Critical Transaction Subsequences Influencing Classification. Experimental Evaluation Demonstrates That The Proposed Framework Not Only Achieves High Accuracy In Detecting Malicious Activity But Also Provides Granular Insights Into Attack Patterns, Enabling Stronger Anti-Money Laundering (AML) Compliance And Improved Blockchain Security.
Bitcoin Transactions, Hybrid Deep Learning, Attack Detection and Classification, Anti-Money Laundering (AML)
DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A STABILITY-INDICATING RP-HPLC METHOD FOR THE SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF WITHAFERIN A AND WITHANOLIDE A IN METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF WITHANIA SOMNIFERA ROOTS AND CORRELATION WITH IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANTA ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITIES
Background Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) is a medicinal plant rich in withanolides, primarily Withaferin A and Withanolide A, known for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Accurate quantification of these bioactive compounds is essential for quality control and therapeutic standardization of herbal formulations. Objective To develop and validate a simple, robust, and stability-indicating RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous quantification of Withaferin A and Withanolide A in W. somnifera root extract and to correlate their content with in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Methods A methanolic extract of W. somnifera roots was prepared and analyzed using an optimized RP-HPLC method employing a C18 column, acetonitrile–acidified water mobile phase, and PDA detection at 227 nm. The method was validated per ICH Q2(R1) guidelines. Forced degradation studies were performed under acidic, basic, oxidative, thermal, and photolytic conditions. Antioxidant assays (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, TAC) and anti-inflammatory assays (protein denaturation, HRBC membrane stabilization, lipoxygenase inhibition) were conducted. Pearson correlation analysis was used to determine relationships between withanolide content and biological activities. Results The method produced well-resolved peaks with retention times of 6.42 min (Withaferin A) and 8.73 min (Withanolide A), and demonstrated excellent linearity (R² > 0.999), accuracy (98–102%), precision (%RSD < 2), and sensitivity (LOD 0.18–0.22 µg/mL). Forced degradation studies confirmed the method's stability-indicating capability, with major degradation observed under oxidative and alkaline conditions. Antioxidant IC₅₀ values of the extract ranged from 54.77–63.42 µg/mL, while anti-inflammatory IC₅₀ values ranged from 68.94–81.62 µg/mL. Strong inverse correlations (r > –0.80) were observed between withanolide content and biological activities, confirming their contribution to extract potency. Conclusion A validated, stability-indicating RP-HPLC method was successfully developed for simultaneous estimation of Withaferin A and Withanolide A in W. somnifera extract. The method is suitable for routine quality control and standardization. The strong correlation between withanolide content and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities highlights their therapeutic significance and supports further pharmacological and formulation-based research.
Withania somnifera; Withaferin A; Withanolide A; RP-HPLC; Stability-indicating method; Forced degradation; Antioxidant activity; Anti-inflammatory activity; Method validation; Herbal standardization