EDAPHIC INFLUENCES ON PTERIDIUM AQUILINUM ACROSS ELEVATION GRADIENTS IN MONTANE GRASSLAND OF KUDREMUKH NATIONAL PARK, WESTERN GHATS

Abstract

Bracken fern, an aggressive invasive species distributed worldwide, exhibits strong ecological adaptability driven by various factors. The distribution is also tied to abiotic factors specifically soil parameters. This study examines how the soil variability occurs and chemical properties of soil influences the distribution, growth and colonization across the 1200m, 1400m and 1600m elevation gradients in the montane grassland of Kudremukh National Park, Western Ghats. Employing probabilistic modelling and multivariate analysis reveals soil at 1200 m altitude supports a relatively stable, nutrient-rich, moderately acidic environment marked with optimal EC, pH, OC and macronutrient profiles (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S) significantly enhancing the rhizome proliferation, high frond productivity, anchorage and successful dense colonization. Elevated concentration of trace nutrients (Fe, Zn, Cu) at higher altitudes appeared physiologically supportive but ecologically non-limiting. The study highlights the pivotal role of elevation-specific soil nutrient variability and facilitating the establishment of P. aquilinum, offering insights into species persistence in grassland montane ecosystems.