CYTOTOXICITY OF NANOPARTICLES ON LIVING CELLS

Abstract

Nanotechnology, a cutting-edge field, leverages nanoparticles (NPs) with dimensions less than 100 nanometers to revolutionize various industries. These particles exhibit unique physical, chemical, and biological properties, making them integral to advancements in agriculture, engineering, healthcare, and research. However, their widespread use raises critical concerns about potential cytotoxic effects on human health and the environment. Nanoparticles are broadly classified into organic, inorganic, and carbon-based types, synthesized using techniques such as sol-gel methods, spinning disc reactors, and biological processes. Advanced characterization tools like scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) are essential for understanding their size, shape, and surface properties, which influence their reactivity and applications. Despite their versatility, nanoparticles often pose toxicity risks due to mechanisms like reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, mitochondrial damage, and DNA disruption. Metalbased nanoparticles, such as zinc oxide (ZnO) and titanium dioxide (TiO₂), have been shown to induce oxidative stress and inflammation, while carbon-based nanoparticles can interfere with cellular processes. These effects are highly dependent on particle size, shape, and surface charge, which modulate interactions with biological systems. The cytotoxicity of nanoparticles underscores the importance of rigorous safety evaluations and long-term studies to mitigate their risks. By addressing these challenges, researchers can optimize the use of nanoparticles in innovative applications, ensuring their benefits outweigh potential harms. The continued exploration of safer synthesis techniques and thorough toxicity assessments is crucial for balancing the promise of nanotechnology with its implications for health and the environment.