A Review of Technology Transfer Systems in American Universities

Abstract

This paper provides a comprehensive review of technology transfer systems in American universities. Drawing upon scholarly literature, reports, and case studies, this review examines the organizational structures, processes, and practices employed by universities in the United States to commercialize academic research and innovations. The review explores key components of technology transfer systems, including intellectual property management, licensing agreements, startup incubation, industry collaboration, and entrepreneurship support. Moreover, this paper discusses the evolution of technology transfer policies and practices in response to changing economic, legal, and institutional contexts, as well as emerging trends and challenges facing university technology transfer offices. The findings offer insights into best practices, success factors, and lessons learned from the experiences of American universities in fostering innovation and knowledge transfer to the marketplace. This review contributes to the understanding of the role of universities as engines of innovation and economic development, and provides guidance for policymakers, academic administrators, and industry stakeholders seeking to strengthen technology transfer ecosystems.