Exploring the Instruments of Science and Technology Governance: A Comprehensive Analysis

Abstract

This research investigates the diverse instruments utilized in the governance of science and technology (S&T) systems, aiming to provide a comprehensive understanding of their roles, mechanisms, and impacts. Through a multi-disciplinary approach that integrates insights from governance studies, policy analysis, and innovation management, the study examines a wide range of instruments employed by governments, international organizations, research institutions, and other stakeholders to shape the direction, conduct, and outcomes of S&T activities. These instruments include regulatory frameworks, funding mechanisms, research incentives, knowledge transfer mechanisms, and collaborative platforms, among others. Drawing upon empirical evidence and case studies from different countries and sectors, the research explores how these instruments are designed, implemented, and evaluated in diverse contexts, and examines their effectiveness in addressing societal challenges, promoting innovation, and fostering responsible research and innovation (RRI). Furthermore, the study investigates the interplay between different governance instruments, as well as their alignment with broader policy objectives, such as economic competitiveness, social inclusion, and environmental sustainability. By analyzing the strengths, limitations, and trade-offs associated with various governance instruments, this research aims to inform policymakers, practitioners, and scholars about effective strategies for enhancing the governance of S&T systems to address emerging challenges and opportunities in the 21st century.