ADVANCES IN NANOSPONGE TECHNOLOGY FOR ENHANCED DRUG SOLUBILITY AND TARGETED SKIN THERAPIES

Abstract

Nanosponges represent a significant advancement in drug delivery systems, offering innovative solutions for the formulation challenges of hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs—particularly those with poor aqueous solubility such as Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) class II and IV compounds. These microscopic, porous particles function as three-dimensional scaffolds capable of encapsulating and protecting active pharmaceutical ingredients, enhancing their solubility, bioavailability, and controlled release. This review highlights the versatile potential of nanosponges in drug delivery, with a specific focus on improving the therapeutic efficacy of topical and transdermal formulations. The aim is to elucidate how their unique architecture and composition can extend drug release, minimize toxicity, and improve patient compliance, while addressing the limitations associated with their development and application. Nanosponges are typically prepared using a variety of techniques including solvent, ultrasound-assisted, emulsion solvent diffusion, and microwave irradiation methods, each optimized for drug loading and controlled release. The nanoscale scaffolds are commonly synthesized from polymers such as chitosan, polylactic acid, and β-cyclodextrin, crosslinked with agents like diphenyl carbonate or glutaraldehyde. Formulations are extensively characterized using FT-IR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM/TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and zeta potential analysis to ensure structural integrity, stability, and effective drug interaction. Nanosponges have demonstrated significant promise in enhancing skin penetration, prolonging drug retention, and delivering targeted therapy for various dermatological conditions including psoriasis, acne, eczema, and fungal infections. Their use minimizes systemic absorption and adverse effects, thus improving the safety and efficacy of topical pharmaceutical treatments.