NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS: A MULTIDIMENSIONAL REVIEW OF DISEASE TYPES, MECHANISMS AND TREATMENT STRATEGIES

Abstract

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) represent a diverse and progressively debilitating group of disorders characterized by the selective degeneration of neurons in the central and peripheral nervous systems. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the ND spectrum, tracing the historical evolution of their identification and classification. Key pathological mechanisms—including protein misfolding, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation—are explored for their roles in neuronal damage. The review examines the clinical manifestations of systemic syndromes such as motor, cognitive, and autonomic dysfunction, which mark disease progression. A detailed analysis of the pathophysiological and molecular mechanisms underlying major NDs—including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Multiple Sclerosis, Huntington’s disease, and spinocerebellar ataxias—is provided. Current experimental models (in vivo and in vitro) and advancements in diagnostic technologies, including imaging, fluid biomarkers, and genetic screening, are discussed. The paper also reviews existing therapeutic options and highlights future approaches, including gene therapy, stem cell therapy, and targeted molecular treatments. Challenges in early diagnosis, disease heterogeneity, and the personalized impact of treatment are considered. Finally, the review emphasizes the urgent need for interdisciplinary research to develop effective, long-term therapeutic strategies for managing neurodegenerative disorders.