A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES, BATTERY STORAGE, CHARGING INFRASTRUCTURE, AND POLICY FRAMEWORKS

Abstract

Electric vehicles (EVs) are a promising solution for reducing greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation sector. By decreasing reliance on fossil fuels and minimizing ozone-depleting substances, EVs play a crucial role in promoting environmental sustainability and accelerating the adoption of renewable energy sources. Despite extensive research on EV attributes, charging infrastructure, and market trends, challenges related to production constraints and network modeling persist. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the market penetration rates of EVs, Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs), Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs), and Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs). It also explores various modeling approaches and optimization techniques used in EV deployment and integration. A key focus of this study is addressing the critical barriers to EV adoption in developing countries like India, particularly the insufficiency of charging infrastructure. Furthermore, the study highlights the emerging concept of Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology, which enhances energy security by enabling EVs to serve as an additional power storage source when renewable energy is unavailable. The findings emphasize that the widespread adoption of EVs is significantly influenced by their distinct characteristics, market dynamics, and infrastructure development. By identifying key challenges and potential solutions, this research contributes to the ongoing efforts to advance electric mobility and sustainable transportation systems.